A Commercial Flower Company-Goldsmith Seed

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A Commercial Flower Company-Goldsmith Seed
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Energy Budget Exercise Describe the energy
budget of a windshield and side window on MN
later winter night that explains why the
windshield develops a layer of frost and the side
windows do not.
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Freezing Damage (General) Meristems/growing
cells most sensitive Wet is bad. The more
hydrated the tissue the more sensitive to
freezing temperatures. Damage Dehydration
Internal Ice Formation
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Bud Dormancy/Hardening Off

• Vegetative Buds
• Herbaceous Perennials
• Die Back in Fall
• Buds protected in soil.

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Woody Perennials dormancy / hardening Induced
by Short Days Cessation of Growth Tissue
dehydrates Bud Scales Form Low
Temperature Increases hardiness Tissue
dehydrates Nucleators disappear Exogenous
ABA can increase low temperature hardiness
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Bud Dormancy

• Floral Buds
• Long Day Induction
• Apples, Pears, Cherries, etc.
• Flowers open Spring
• Set Fruit mid to late summer
• New Floral Bud Set during fruit
  growth early summer
• Short Day Induction
• Azaleas, Rhododendrons, etc
• Fall flowering
• Open in Spring

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Bud Dormancy Release

• Chilling Requirement
• Hours lt 7 C (45 F)
• Floral or Vegetative
• Reduction in ABA
• Peaches
• 600 - 1,000 hours
• establish northern limit

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Apples and Peaches
Apples
Apples need a longer cold period than peaches.
Thus Peaches may be grown further south in the
eastern U. S.
Peaches
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Seed Dormancy Release

• Dessication
• Increase in ABA
• Release
• Light (Phytochrome R/FR Reversible)
• Lettuce, weeds
• even after chilling requirement met
• Increase in GA
• Decrease in ABA
• Stratification

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Stratification

• Conditions for stratification
• 1. Chilling temperatures 1-70 C,
• 2. Moisture- seed should be pre-soaked then kept
  moist
• 3. Adequate oxygen- seeds should not be kept in
  and air tight container or immersed in water
• 4. Adequate time- varies from a few weeks to
  many months depending on the plant
• 5. GA3 can replace cold.

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Other Temperature Responses

• Tuberization Bulbing
• Short Day Induction
• Potato
• Temperature Optimum 15 - 18 C
• gt 30 C - none formed
• gt 20 C - Inhibited
• lt 15 C - Inhibited
• lt 10 C - none formed

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Vernalization

• Requirement of cold period to induce flowering

• examples biennial plants ( carrot, many bulb
  crops)

• several crops - example winter wheat

• wheat - planted in fall, seedlings grow, exposed
  to cold -gt flower in late winter or early spring,
  so wheat is harvested in spring.
• Easter Lily

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Temperature Affect on Quality Low temperature
makes spinach sweeter.
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Rootstock Effects on bud break and dormancy

• Riesling and Chardonnay deacclimated earlier
  when grafted on 5BB than when on 3309. (Miller et
  al., 1988)
• Buds of Anab e Shahi broke later on their own
  roots and Dog Ridge. Rootstock Gulabi sharply
  shortened the bud dormancy (Prakash, 1990).
• Tangolar (1989) found that grape buds burst early
  on rootstock 420 A and Reddy (1990) stated that
  rootstocks Gulabi and 1613 increased bud
  fertility.

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Here is the USDA Hardiness Zone map. Minnesota
falls into Zones 3 and 4, where the average
minimum winter temperatures are 400 to 300. It
is important to know your winter hardiness zone
in selecting plants that will do well in your
climate. Some herbaceous plants can withstand
colder zones than predicted if they are protected
with winter mulch, but many will not.
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A closer look at Minnesota and the two main
hardiness zones. Each zone is subdivided into
zones a and b. The Twin Cities is in the colder
part of zone 4, or 4b. There is a small area of
Zone 2 in northern Minnesota.
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Cold injury on tulips. Spring flowering bulbs can
withstand 32 degrees and even 25 degrees, but in
the spring of 1997, it was 10 degrees in early
April too cold for spring flowering bulbs. The
foliage was killed. This bed of tulips was too
damaged to grow and plants were removed. The
daffodils survived much better that year.
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Thermal Belt

• Good site for locating an orchard
• Usually on a sloped hill side
• North-facing slope is better the south-facing
  slope

cold
warm
warm
cold
warm slope
warm slope
Normal Condition
Temperature Inversion
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Heat of Fusion

• Heat is released to surrounding when water
  freezes
• Heat of fusion is used to protect citrus fruits
  from freezing

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Heat of fusion from ice formation protects citrus
crops exposed to freezing temperature in Florida
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Overhead water sprinkling on citrus crops in
Florida to save them from freezing
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Prevention of frost damage by movement
Windmills and helicopters are used to mix the air
to prevent frost damage on fruit crops during
temperature inversion
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Smudging in a fruit orchard to prevent frost
injury
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Strawberry Production in California
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Frost Damage on Strawberry Plants in California
A
B
Normal
Damaged
B. Crop failure often results from freezing of
flower parts that are delicate and fragile.
Stigmas and anthers are easily damaged by light
freeze and become incapable of pollination and
fertilization.
A. Freezing of leaves is often initiated by the
presence of ice nucleating active (INA) bacteria
that secrete proteins that act as primers for ice
crystal formation
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Ice Nucleating Active (INA) Bacteria on
Strawberries

• INA bacteria secrete protein on the leaf
• Protein serves as a primer for ice crystal
  formation
• Mutant INA bacteria secrete defective proteins
  (ice-)
• Mutant proteins are incapable of forming Ice
  crystals

Wild type INA bacteria
Mutant type INA bacteria
defective protein
Ice crystals formed on the leaf ? frost damage
No ice crystals formed on the leaf ? no frost
damage
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Plant Growing Structures

• Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)
• Cold Frames
• Hotbeds
• Cloches and Plastic Tunnels
• Greenhouses
• Shade and Lath Houses

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Cold Frame
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Cloches or Hotbeds
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Use of Hotcaps for Vegetable Production
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Air Inflated Greenhouse with no internal support
structure
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Supported Row Covers

• Also Called Low Tunnels
• Can use PVC pipe, heavy wire
• More labor needed
• Support needed for crops such as tomato, pepper
  and summer squash
• Weed control needed between rows

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Low Tunnels
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Hoop Houses

• High tunnel
• Many manufacturers
• Build your own
• Anchored in ground
• Many heights/lengths
• Some large enough for tractors
• Sides and ends for ventilation

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Crops

• Anything high value
• Anything with early season premium
• Fruits and vegetables, cut flowers, etc
• Keep a crop later in the season extend harvest
• Starting plants earlier
• Wind protection / temp modification over winter
  nursery plants, perennials and herbs

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Dan Mielke tomatoes, peppers and cukes
Penn State Research Facility
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Hoop Houses

• Selling fresh local tomatoes in June
• Give you months of extra hours in a growing
  season
• Cultivating spinach and leafy greens year round

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High Tunnel Houses
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High Tunnel Houses
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High Tunnel Houses
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Outside Tunnel
Inside Tunnel
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Strawberry Crop

• Started on 4/15/03 by lowering sides
• Temperature monitoring critical
• Use floating row cover on cold nights
• Picking started on 6/1/03 tunnel
• 6/11/03 plastic mulch with row cover
• 6/26/03 berries without mulch or row cover
• Berries were sweeter, cleaner, less distorted,
  larger
• Tunnel vs no-tunnel from 200 380 increase in
  yield

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Strawberry Varieties

• Early Glow 200 increase in tunnel
• Honeoye 380 increase in tunnel
• Jewel 330 increase in tunnel