Fig. 14-1, p. 344

1
Fig. 14-1, p. 344
2
Fig. 14-2, p. 344
3
Fig. 14-3, p. 345
4
Fig. 14-4, p. 348
5
Air
Water
Food
Insects
Wild animals
Livestock
Pets
Fetus and babies
Humans
Other humans
Fig. 14-4, p. 348
6
Stepped Art
Fig. 14-4, p. 348
7
Fig. 14-5, p. 348
8
Disease (type of agent)
Deaths per year
Pneumonia and flu (bacteria and viruses)
3.2 million
HIV/AIDS (virus)
3.0 million
Diarrheal diseases (bacteria and viruses)
2.1 million
Malaria (protozoa)
2.0 million
Tuberculosis (bacteria)
1.6 million
Hepatitis B (virus)
1 million
Measles (virus)
800,000
Fig. 14-5, p. 348
9
Fig. 14-6, p. 350
10
Fig. 14-7, p. 351
11
Female mosquito bites infected human,
ingesting blood that contains Plasmodium
gametocytes
Merozoites enter bloodstream and develop
into gametocytes causing malaria and
making infected person a new reservoir
Plasmodium develop in mosquito
Sporozoites penetrate liver and develop into
merozoites
Female mosquito injects Plasmodium
sporozoites into human host.
Fig. 14-7, p. 351
12
Female mosquito bites infected human, ingesting
blood that contains Plasmodium gametocytes
Merozoites enter blood-stream and develop into
gametocytes causing malaria and making infected
person a new reservoir
Plasmodium develops in mosquito
Sporozoites penetrate liver and develop into
merozoites
Female mosquito injects Plasmodium sporozoites
into human host
Stepped Art
Fig. 14-7, p. 351
13
Fig. 14-8, p. 351
14
Fig. 14-9, p. 352
15
Solutions
Infectious Diseases
Increase research on tropical diseases and
vaccines
Reduce poverty
Decrease malnutrition
Improve drinking water quality
Reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics
Educate people to take all of an antibiotic
prescription
Reduce antibiotic use to promote livestock growth
Require careful hand washing by all medical
personnel
Immunize children against major viral diseases
Provide oral rehydration for diarrhea victims
Conduct global campaign to reduce HIV/AIDS
Fig. 14-9, p. 352
16
Fig. 14-10, p. 353
17
Atmosphere
Vegetation
Crops
Surface water
Humans
Animals
Surface water
Fish
Water table
Groundwater
Vegetation
Soil
Groundwater
Water table
Rock
Rock
Fig. 14-10, p. 353
18
Fig. 14-A, p. 354
19
Solutions
Mercury Pollution
Control
Prevention
Sharply reduce mercury emissions from
coal-burning plants and incinerators
Phase out waste incineration
Remove mercury from coal before it is burned
Heavily tax each unit of mercury emitted by
coal-burning plants and incinerators
Switch from coal to natural gas and renewable
energy resources such as wind, solar cells, and
hydrogen
Require labels on all products containing mercury
Convert coal to liquid or gaseous fuel
Phase out use of mercury in batteries, TVs,
compact fluorescent lightbulbs, and all other
products unless they are recycled
Collect and recycle mercury-containing electric
switches, relays, compact fluorescent lightbulbs,
and dry-cell batteries
Fig. 14-A, p. 354
20
Fig. 14-11, p. 357
21
Table 14-1, p. 357
22
Fig. 14-12, p. 359
23
Teddy bear Some stuffed animals made oversees
contain flame retardants and/or pesticides
Shampoo Perfluorochemicals to add shine
Clothing Can contain perfluorochemicals
Baby bottle Can contain bisphenol-A
Nail polish Perfluorochemicals and phthalates
Mattress Flame retardants in stuffing
Perfume Phthalates
Hairspray Phthalates
Carpet Padding and carpet fibers contain flame
retardants, perfluorochemicals, and pesticides
Food Some food contains bisphenol-A
TV Wiring and plastic casing contain flame
retardants
Milk Fat contains dioxins and flame retardants
Sofa Foam padding contains flame retardants
and perfluorochemicals
Frying pan Nonstick coating contains perfluorochem
icals
Toys Vinyl toys contain phthalates
Fruit Imported fruit may contain
pesticides banned in the U.S.
Tennis shoes Can contain phthalates
Water bottle Can contain bisphenol-A
Tile floor Nonstick coating contains perfluorochem
icals, phthalates, and pesticides
Computer Flame retardant coatings of
plastic casing and wiring
Fig. 14-12, p. 360
24
Fig. 14-13, p. 361
25
Cause of death
Annual deaths
Poverty/ malnutrition/ disease cycle
11 million (150)
Tobacco
5.4 million (74)
Pneumonia and flu
3.2 million (44)
Air pollution
2.4 million (33)
HIV/AIDS
2 million (27)
Diarrhea
1.6 million (22)
Tuberculosis
1.5 million (21)
Automobile accidents
1.2 million (16)
Work-related injury and disease
1.1 million (15)
1 million (14)
Malaria
1 million (14)
Hepatitis B
Measles
800,000 (11)
Fig. 14-13, p. 361
26
Fig. 14-14, p. 362
27
Fig. 14-15, p. 364
28
Fig. 14-15, p. 364
29
Fig. 14-16, p. 364
30
Cause of Death
Deaths
Tobacco use
442,000
101,500 (43,450 auto)
Accidents
85,000
Alcohol use
Infectious diseases
75,000 (16,000 from AIDS)
55,000
Pollutants/toxins
30,600
Suicides
Homicides
20,622
17,000
Illegal drug use
Fig. 14-16, p. 364
31
p. 368