PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF CIBACRON GREEN- A LOW SALT DYE

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Water supply distribution systems - Design norms
and Design methodologies Dr.S.Kanmani,
Professor, CES, AU.
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Purpose of distribution system

• to convey wholesome water
• at adequate residual pressure
• in sufficient quantity
• at convenient points

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Requirements of a good Distribution System

• Capable of supplying water at all places with
  adequate pressure head
• capable of meeting fire fighting needs
• cheap
• simple and easy to operate and repair
• safe against pollution
• fairly water tight to keep the leakage losses
  minimum

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Continuous vs intermittent system of supply

• Contamination of water by storage in vessels
• wastage of stored water
• entry of polluted water in water mains through
  leaky joints
• non availability for fire fighting
• wastage of water by keeping the taps open always
• this system does not promote hygiene

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Layout of distribution systems

• Dead end (tree)
• grid-iron
• ring
• radial

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system of supply

• gravity
• pumping
• gravity cum pumping

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General guidelines

• Peak factor
• fire demand
• residual pressure
• minimum pipe sizes
• layout
• elevation of reservoir
• boosting
• location of mains
• valves

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Peak factor

• less than 50,000
  (3)
• 50,000 to 2,00,000 (2.5)
• above 2,00,000
  (2)
• small water supply schemes (3)

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Fire fighting demand

• Q 100 (square root of population in thousands)
• IS 9668 - 1980

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Minimum Residual pressure

• single storey building - 7 m
• two storey building - 12 m
• three storey building - 17 m

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Residual pressure

• maximum - 22 m
• multi storeyed buildings - boosters

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Minimum pipe sizes

• 100 mm (upto 50,000)
• 150 mm (above 50,000)
• 100 mm (dead ends)

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Valves

• Sluice/gate valves
• Air valves
• Scour/blow off valves
• Flow dividing valves
• Max. demand controllers

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Sluice Valves

• placed along the straight length of pipes and at
  all junctions so as to control flow of water into
  different sections.
• at every 1 km on long basis
• atleast 3 sides of every cross junction
• size same as size of main upto 300 mm dia
• size is 2/3rd size of main for larger diameters

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• Sluice valves

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Air Valves

• To release air automatically when a pipeline is
  filled and also to permit air to enter the
  pipeline when it is emptied.

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Scour Valves

• placed at all low points in the WSDS so as to
  drain off water from pipes during repairs

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Flow dividing valves

• specially designed valves at branch point to
  ensure that assigned flow in a distribution main
  is always maintained.

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Max. demand controllers

• it permits all flows upto a preset value and
  automatically assures when flow exceeds this
  preset value, thus preventing excess withdrawals.

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• Sour/Blow off valves

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• Single air valves

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• Double air valves

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• Pressure reducing valves

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Distribution System

• Pipes (carry water to each every street)
• Valves (Control floe of water through pipes)
• Meters (measures quantity of water )
• Pumps (used to pump water to elevated service
  reservoirs or directly to water mains )
• Distribution Reservoirs
• Hydrants (used to connect water to five fighting
  equipements)
• Stand posts
• Service connections are done to connect
  individual building with water line passing
  through streets.

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Classification of distribution system

• Gravity system
• Source _at_ higher elevation than city
• Pumping system
• water is directly pumped in mains.
• Dual system
• Combined gravity Pumping system

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Layout of Distribution System

• Dead end or Tree system
• Grid Iron system
• Circular or Ring system
• Radial system

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Dead end or Tree system

• Suitable for irregular developed towns or cities.
• Main starts from SR along main Road.
• Sub-mains are connected to main along other roads
  which meet main road.
• In streets other small roads, branches are laid
  are connected to sub-mains
• Applicable for small water supplies.

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Dead end /tree system
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Grid Iron System

• Suitable for towns having rectangular layout of
  roads.
• An improvement over dead end system
• All dead ends are inter connected with each other
  water circulates freely throughput the system.
• Main is laid along main road. Sub mains are taken
  in minor roads from sub mains, branches are
  taken out are interconnected.

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Grid iron system
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System pattern - grid pattern (recommended)

• Efficient equitable distribution of water
• interconnection of different mains
• minimum dead ends
• any point is fed atleast from 2 directions

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Circular or Ring System

• Each city is divided into square or rectangular
  blocks.
• Water mains are laid around all 4 sides of the
  square or round the circle.
• Branches, sub mains are laid along inner roads
• All sub-mains branches are inter connected.
• Every point receives supply from 2 directions.
• The best of others systems.
• It requires many valves more pipe length.
• Adv Disadv are the same as that of grid iron
  system

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Radial System

• Reverse of Ring system
• Water flows towards outer periphery from one
  point.
• Entire city is divided into various zones.
• One reservoir is provided for one zone is
  placed in the center of the zone.
• Water lines are laid radially from it.

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House Service Connection
S.no Component MOC Purpose
1. Ferrule Brass/Gun metal (12-50mm dia.) A right angled sleeve screwed down to a hole drilled in street water main
2. Gooseneck PE (75 cm length) A small size curved pipe provides flexible connection bt ferrule service pipe
3. Service line GI pipe (lt25 mm dia) / PVC Service line is connected to street main through goose neck pipe ferrule
4. Stop cock gunmetal It is provided close to street near boundry wall of building in a masonry chamber. It facilitates supply in HSC.
5. Water Meter Measures Quantity of water consumed in house
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Pipe Materials
1. Metallic Pipes CI, MS, DI
2. Cement Pipes RCC, PSC, AC
3. Plastic Pipes PVC, GRP, HDPE, MDPE
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S. no Pipes(m) Length (m) Dia (mm)
1. CI 5 80-750 Suitable for Pr. distribution mains Heavy weight , transport costly
2. MS 6-12 150-2000 Long lengths, less no of joints Liable for corrosion
3. DI 4-6 80-2000 Lighter than CI Good resistance to corrosion
4. AC 4-5 80-400 Good resistance to corrosion Not suitable for soil containing sulphate
5. PSC 6 300-1000 Economical than CI Heavy weight, difficult to transport
6. RCC 2.5 200-600 Good resistance to corrosion Heavy weight, difficult to transport
7. PVC 6 40-300 Economical than CI/AC,Light weight, easy to handle Resistance to corrosion ,Damaged due to impact load sunshine
HDPE/ MDPE HDPE/ MDPE 6 40-600 Good resistance to corrosion, flexible, Costlier than PVC.
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• Pipe joints

• Spigot Socket joints
• Expansion joints
• Flanged joints
• Mechanical joints
• Flexible joints
• Screwed joints
• Collar joints
• AC pipe joint

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Thank You