Vitamins

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Vitamins

• Normally, a healthy person who eats a balanced
  diet will get all the vitamins needed.
• Vitamins are classified as natural or synthetic.
  The body uses both in the same way.
• Vitamins do not provide energy and they do not
  build muscles. They help release the energy from
  the carbohydrates and fats people ingest.
• The only disorders that can be cured by vitamins
  are those caused by vitamin deficiencies.
• If vitamin supplements are thought to be
  necessary by the athlete, a physician or
  registered dietitian should be consulted first.

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Minerals

• Minerals are inorganic elements or molecules that
  do not provide energy, but in their role as body
  regulators, can contribute to the production of
  energy from carbohydrates and fats.
• Concentrated forms of minerals should be used
  only on the advice of a physician.

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Herbal Supplements

• Medicinal herbs have provided some of the oldest
  medicines, however the effectiveness of many
  herbs has not been proven. Since the FDA treats
  herbal products as dietary supplements,
  manufacturers of these products are not required
  to demonstrate the safety or effectiveness of
  their products before they are put on the market,
  as drug manufacturers do.
• The composition of herbal products can vary
  greatly from one batch to another.

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Glucosamine

• Glucosamine is naturally produced by the human
  body to maintain cartilage in the joints.
• Glucosamine has been proven as an effective
  treatment for osteoarthritis and as an aid in the
  recovery of some sports injuries.
• Side effects include stomach problems, heartburn,
  and diarrhea. People with heart problems or high
  blood pressure should consult a physician first.
  Glucosamine should not be taken by people using
  heart medications or insulin.

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Chondroitin

• Chondroitin is a naturally occurring substance
  found in human and animal cartilage.
• It has proven abilities to treat osteoarthritis.
• Anticoagulant users should consult their
  physicians before using chondroitin.

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Performance Enhancers

• An ergogenic aid is any agent that enhances
  energy utilization, including energy production
  and efficiency.

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Anabolic steroids

• Anabolic steroids are available legally only by
  prescription.
• Athletes and others who abuse anabolic steroids
  often take them for a specific period of time,
  then quit for a while, then start again
  (cycling), and they will combine several types
  (stacking) in hopes of minimizing negative
  effects.
• Major side effects of anabolic steroid abuse
  include liver tumors and cancer, jaundice, fluid
  retention, high blood pressure, increased bad
  cholesterol (LDL), and decreased good cholesterol
  (HDL).

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Anabolic steroids

• Other side effects include kidney tumors, severe
  acne, and trembling. Also, in males, testicle
  shrinkage, reduced sperm count, infertility,
  baldness, breast development, and increased risk
  of prostate cancer may occur. Females may suffer
  from growth of facial hair, male-pattern
  baldness, menstrual cycle cessation, clitoral
  enlargement, and a deepening voice. The
  adolescents skeleton may mature prematurely,
  permanently stopping growth in height.
• Various mental conditions are associated with
  anabolic steroids, such as aggression, mood
  swings, depression if the steroids are stopped,
  paranoid jealousy, extreme irritability,
  delusions, and impaired judgment. Other drug
  abuse may also occur.

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Growth Hormone

• Growth hormone works by increasing protein
  production and allows fat to be used for energy
  rather than muscle glycogen.
• Side effects of growth hormone include heart
  disease, impotence, osteoporosis, and death.

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Androstenedione

• Side effects include masculinizing effects in
  females and feminizing effects in males,
  premature bone growth cessation, aggression and
  mood changes, decreased HDL, increased
  cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and
  pancreatic cancer.
• Androstenedione is a banned by the IOC, the NFL,
  and the NCAA.

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Caffeine

• Caffeine makes people feel more alert, full of
  energy, in a better mood, and more productive
• Studies currently contradict each other as to
  benefits to athletes.
• Caffeine can cause sleeplessness, anxiety,
  headache, upset stomach, nervousness, and
  dehydration. Dehydration can work against
  athletes performance, since proper water balance
  is such an important part of nutrition.
• The IOC has banned caffeine over a certain limit.

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Creatine Monohydrate

• Side effects include weight gain from excess
  cellular water, muscular cramping, dehydration,
  GI stress, nausea, and seizure.

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Ephedra

• A shrublike plant that is found in desert
  regions. It is a stimulant containing the herbal
  form of ephedrine, an FDA-regulation drug found
  in over-the-counter asthma medications.
• Ephedrine is widely used for weight loss, as an
  energy booster and to enhance athletic
  performance.
• Serious adverse effects include hypertension,
  heart palpitations, neuropathy, myopathy,
  psychosis, stroke, memory loss, heart rate
  irregularities, insomnia, nervousness, tremors,
  seizures, heart attacks, and death.

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Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards

• The International Olympic Committee Medical
  Commission, in their effort to deal with Doping
  in the sports world, has developed three
  fundamental principles
• Protection of the health of athletes
• Respect for both medical and sports ethics
• Equality for all competing athletes
• The NCAA has a drug-testing program that mandates
  urine collection and analysis on specific
  occasions.
• Several professional athletic teams have written
  policy statements concerning the use of banned
  substances.

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Ethics in Athletics

• The athletic code of ethics helps protect and
  promote the interests of athletics and the
  coaching profession, primarily to clarify and
  distinguish ethical practices from those that are
  detrimental.

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Education for athletes

• Athletes need to understand the inherent dangers
  and risks associated with the use of dietary
  supplements and performance enhancers.
• The Healthy Competition Foundation is an
  organization that seeks to educate young people
  and their families about the potential health
  dangers of performance-enhancing drugs and to
  eliminate use of these drugs at all levels of
  sports.

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