BIOFUELS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

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BIOFUELS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
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WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?

• Biofuels can be defined as solid, liquid or
  gaseous fuels derived from any carbon source as
  plants and plant-derived materials (biomass).
• Biofuels are produced from living organisms or
  from metabolic by-products (organic or food waste
  products). In order to be considered a biofuel
  the fuel must contain over 80 percent renewable
  materials.
• They are "CO2 neutral or negative (i.e.) they
  dont add to the carbon dioxide level in the
  atmosphere.

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BIOFUEL PRODUCTION
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FIRST GENERATION (1G) BIOFUELS

• 1G biofuels - sugar, starch, vegetable oil,
  animal fats. Basic feedstock are seeds, grains
  as wheat, which yields starch that is fermented
  into bioethanol, or sunflower seeds, which are
  pressed to yield vegetable oil and used in
  biodiesel.

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SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS OR 2G BIOFUELS

• 2G biofuel production processes use non food
  crops as waste biomass, the stalks of wheat,
  corn, wood etc.
• (2G) biofuels use biomass - liquid technology, as
  cellulosic biofuels from non food crops as
  biohydrogen, biomethanol, biohydrogen diesel,
  mixed alcohols and wood diesel.
• The recent discovery of the fungus Gliocladium
  roseum produces myco-diesel from cellulose -
  discovered in the rainforests of northern
  Patagonia and has the unique capability of
  converting cellulose into medium length
  hydrocarbons typically found in diesel fuel.
• Scientists also work on experimental rDNA,
  genetic engineering organisms that could increase
  biofuel potential.

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THIRD GENERATION (3G) BIOFUELS

• Algae fuel, also called oilgae or 3G biofuel, is
  from algae. Algae are low-input, high-yield
  feedstocks and produces 30 times more energy per
  acre than crops such as soybeans. With the higher
  prices of fossil fuels (petroleum), there is much
  interest in algaculture (farming algae). One
  advantage of this is that they are biodegradable,
  and so relatively harmless to the environment if
  spilled.
• Second and third generation biofuels are also
  called advanced biofuels

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OILGAE MANUFACTURING AND REFINERY
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4G BIOFUELS
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LIQUID BIOFUELS
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1. VEGETABLE BASED FUEL

• Dr. Rudolph Diesel developed a unique engine in
  1895 and it was designed to operate on peanut oil
  or other vegetable based fuels.
• Dr. Diesel demonstrated his engine at the 1900
  World Exhibition
• Dr. Diesel mysteriously died in 1913. After his
  death, Diesels engine was adapted to use a
  by-product of the gasoline refining process. The
  petroleum industry called it diesel fuel.
• March 18th- Biodiesel Action Day

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2. SVO

• SVO is an abbreviation for Straight Vegetable
  Oil.
• Soybean oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, mustard
  oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil,
  Jatropha oil, Restaurant waste oils etc.
• Edible vegetable oil is generally not used as
  fuel, but lower quality oil can be used for
  this purpose. Used vegetable oil is increasingly
  being processed into biodiesel.

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3. MODIFIED WASTE OIL

• Extracted from municipal solid waste
• (MSW), agricultural residues, farm waste.
• Designed for general use in most
• compression ignition engines .
•  It can be modified in various ways to make
• a 'greener' form of fuel

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4. BIODIESEL
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BIODIESEL

• Made by transforming vegetable oil with alcohol .
• Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil or
  soybean oil or recycled restaurant grease.
• Directly substituted for diesel as neat fuel

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Sources of Biodiesel
Soybean
Jatropha
Rapeseed
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Jatropha

• Biodiesel from Jatropha
• Seeds of the Jatropha nut is
• crushed and oil is extracted
• The oil is processed and
• refined to form bio-diesel.

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BIODIESEL DISTILLATION
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Why Use Biodiesel?

• It provides substantial reductions in
• CO, unburned hydrocarbons, NOx,
• particulate emissions and GH gases
• It has excellent lubricating
• properties.
• Economic growth and employment in regional
• rural areas.
• Improved air quality, particularly in high smog
• population dense areas and reduction in
• pollution.
• Positive environmental impacts with sustainable
• production of Feedstock.
• Decreased reliance on external/foreign supplies
• of oil.

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5. BIOALCOHOLS
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1. BIOETHANOL

• Bioalcohols are produced by the action of
  microorganisms and enzymes through the
  fermentation of sugars or starches, or cellulose.
  
• Bioethanol is the most common biofuel worldwide.
  Made from wheat, corn, sugar beets, sugar cane,
  molasses.
• It has high thermal efficiency , used as a
  replacement for gasoline,and has high volume and
  mass. Others are Biobutanol and biomethanol..
• Sugar beet grown for bioethanol production

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Gaseous fuel Technology
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BIOGAS

• Biogas - process of anaerobic digestion of
  organic material by anaerobes from biodegradable
  waste materials. The solid byproduct, digestate -
  used as a fertilizer.
• Land fill gas (LFG) - less clean form of biogas
  produced in landfills -natural anaerobic
  digestion and is a source of renewable energy.
  LFG- burnt directly for heat or generate
  electricity.
• LFG contains 50 methane, the gas found in
  natural gas. If it escapes into the atmosphere it
  is a potent GHG.

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Gobar gas

• Gobar gas is a biogas generated - cow dung. In
  India generated using household micro plants.
• Gobar gas production is an anaerobic process.
• Its simplicity, use of cheap raw materials have
  made it an environmentally sound energy source
  for the rural needs.

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GOBAR GAS

• GOBAR GAS PLANT

The gobar gas plant (DIGESTER) is an airtight
circular pit made of concrete with a pipe
connection. The manure is directed to the pit,
from the cattle shed and filled with water or
wastewater. The gas pipe is connected to the
kitchen fire place through control valves. CH4
generated- odourless and smokeless. The residue
left is used as fertilizer.
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ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF
BIOFUELS

• Reduction of waste. Extremely low emission of
  greenhouse gases, particulate matter.
• They are Carbon neutral. Plants need carbon
  dioxide to grow and the CO2 released by the use
  of biofuels is removed from the atmosphere by
  plants, so no CO2 is emitted.
• Biofuels are also cleaner, biodegradable and
  nontoxic.
• Increase in trade balance due to lesser
  dependence on foreign resources and increase in
  jobs.

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BIO FUELS

• THE WORLD SCENARIO

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BRAZIL

• World leader in production and export of ethanol.
• Ethanol produced per day equivalent to 200,000
  barrels of gasoline.
• Largest producer of E-Diesel.
• Bio diesel initiatives underway

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U.S.A.

• Ethanol a big boost to economy
• E85 sells cheaper than gasoline
• Currently production aimed at 4.5 Billion
  gallons/yr
• Soya bean main source of biodiesel

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E.U.

• Rapeseed main source of bio diesel
• 3-15 blended petrol
• France and Germany Sales of bio diesel 99
  million US gallons
• Rise of SVO as domestic fuel

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The Significant Others

• China 3rd largest producer of ethanol producing
  220,000 tons of ethanol, exporting 90,000 tons in
  2000.
• In southeast Asia, the Jatropha tree is used as a
  significant fuel source
• Malaysia and Indonesia are starting pilot-scale
  production from palm oil.

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BIOFUELS IN INDIA
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• Sources of ethanol
• Sugarcane
• Molasses
• Agricultural waste
• Low average cost of Rs.18/litre projected
• Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion litres
• Sources of biodiesel
• Jatropha
• High capital, broad scale production plan
  initiated
• Cost per liter projected at Rs. 27

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