Business Ethics

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Business Ethics
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Concept of Attitude

• Are pre-conceived evaluative feelings of people
  about objects, people or events
• Express either favourable or unfavourable feeling
  about something
• Express ones way of thinking
• They are found from childhood learning
  experiences and ones value system

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Wrong Attitudes and Unethical behaviour

• To achieve success in life, one has to be
  manipulative and calculative
• Envy, Jealousy and competition is normal and
  necessarily exists if an organization wants to
  succeed
• It is difficult to get ahead in life without
  cutting corners here and there
• There is nothing wrong in taking credit for
  something I have not done in the organization if
  it furthers my cause

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Right Attitudes and Ethical behaviour

• One should take action when one is sure that it
  is ethically correct
• I have no right to use my colleagues to further
  my career
• Promotions are earned through hardwork,
  perseverance and fair play
• Most people are basically good and can be trusted
• To me means are important as ends since it is
  impossible to achieve ethical goals with
  unethical means

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Norms

• Expectations of proper behaviour, not
  requirements
• Are ways an individual expects all people to act
  when faced with a given situation
• They are neither logically consistent nor
  universally applied

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Beliefs and Ethical behaviour

• Beliefs are ideas or principles that people hold
  dear and give ordinance to
• Beliefs are the foundation of ones value system
• They are standards of thought
• They are the ways in which an individual expects
  people to think about given concepts
  
  
  
  

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Moral Standards

• Deal with matters that we think are of serious
  consequence
• Are not established or changed by decision of
  particular authoritative bodies
• Overrides self interest
• Are based on impartial considerations

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Character-Behaviour Matrix
S
B Strong C Weak Strategic Man
B Strong C Strong Desired Mix
Behaviour
B Weak C Weak Avoid and Discard
B Weak C Strong Needs correction
W
S
W
Character
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Value and Ethics

• Edward Spranger defines the values as the
  constellation of likes, dislikes, view points,
  inner inclinations, rational and irrational
  judgements, prejudices and association patterns
  that determines a persons view of the world.
• They are deeply embedded in peoples sub consious
  and manifest themselves in their behaviour
• A Value is a sustained and assimilated mode of
  acting, thinking or merely being

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Values and Ethics
Values
Shape
Beliefs
Attitudes
Perception
Behaviour
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Value and Ethics People Values

• Rom Lebow, former director of marketing at
  Microsoft and William L Simon offer an important
  set of values for a successful organization
• Treat others with uncompromising truth
• Trust your associates
• Mentor unselfishly
• Be receptive to new ideas
• Give credit where due
• Take risks for the good of the organization
• Be honest in all dealings
• Put the interests of others before your own
  social conscience
• Responsibility
• Accountability

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Value and Ethics Business Values

• Quotes of management thinker of international
  repute, Dr. M. B. Athreya (Business values for
  the 21st century)
• Righteousness (Dharma)
• Public Good (Loka Sangraha)
• Efficacy (Kausalam)
• Innovation (Vividhata)
• Learning (Jigyasa)
• Dharmayudh

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Overview of Ethical Value System

• System of Universalism
• This theory is based on the duties or obligations
  of an individual in society
• It states that the moral worth of an action of an
  individual should be judge by his intentions and
  not by the outcome of his action
• The underlying philosophy is that good intentions
  would always result in good outcome, ultimately,
  if not immediately
• Actions performed under it are in accordance with
  categorical imperative and therefore morally
  correct

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Overview of Ethical Value System

• System of Utilitarianism
• This approach is concerned not with the act but
  the consequence of the act
• Aims at creating the greatest degree of benefit
  for the largest number of people while incurring
  the least amount of harm possible
• Main difficulty in Accurately measuring costs and
  benefits

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Overview of Ethical Value System

• System of Distributive justice
• All rules and laws must be just
• Emphasis on equal distribution of burden and
  benefits
• Moral value action can be determined by the
  degree of cooperation it generates within the
  members of our society

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Overview of Ethical Value System

• Individual Freedom of Choice
• All individuals must be allowed to make choices
  among alternatives leading to their own welfare
• These choices must be within law

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Overview of Ethical Value System

• Legal System professional Codes
• Moral worth of an action can be determined
  through Legal System
• Professional codes are value-based norms of
  desired behavior within a particular profession

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Parent-Adult-Child Ego State
Parent (A taught concept of life)
Adult (A thought concept of life)
Child (A felt concept of life)
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The 4 Life Positions Thomas A. Harris

• Life Position 1 I AM NOT OK YOU ARE OK
• Persons feel inferior to others in some way while
  the rest of the world is alright
• He is focused only on getting others to like and
  appreciate him

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The 4 Life Positions Thomas A. Harris

• Life Position 2 - I AM NOT OK YOU ARE NOT OK
• Person concludes that there is something wrong
  with both himself and world
• He views everything negatively and with suspicion

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The 4 Life Positions Thomas A. Harris

• Life Position 3 - I AM OK YOU ARE NOT OK
• A person with this life position is always
  convinced that he is ok no matter whatever he
  does and total fault in every situation lies in
  others
• This is a potentially criminal position

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The 4 Life Positions Thomas A. Harris

• Life Position 4 - I AM OK YOU ARE ALSO OK
• Persons accepts himself and the world as alright
• Person with this life position is always in
  harmony and peace with himself and world

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Culture and Ethics

• Social Contract Theory Hobbes, Locke and
  Rousseau
• Collection of Socialism Theory Plato and
  Aristotle
• Organic Theory Leslie Stephen and Herbert
  Spencer
• Idealistic or Group Mind Theory Plato

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Similarity of ethical Values in Different Cultures

• It is unethical to cause harm too society in
  pursuit o ones happiness
• Every person has a responsibility towards the
  welfare of the society
• A man is indebted to society
• Principle of fairness
• Principle of Integrity and Honesty
• Principle of human Dignity

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• Thank You