1
Glory and Honor to you, who Drive the Pigs with
their Long Snouts out of our GardenLeft-Wing
Immigrants Confront McCarthyism
Friday, January 25 at 230 p.m. Pipers
Pub   Join students and faculty for an
informal discussion over a drink. Dr Zecker will
introduce his latest research project that will
be followed by questions and (we hope) a lively
debate about his theoretical approach and
sources.     This will be of interest to all
thesis/advanced major students in History and
everyone is welcome.
2
What else is going on by the 19C the Building
of Global Empires

• Imperialism is the policy of extending a
• nations authority by territorial acquisition
• or by establishing economic and political
• hegemony over other nations
• Empire, in the modern period, was the product
  of European power its reward was power or the
  sense of power.

3
Imperial Motives, unmasked

• Economic motives trade
• raw materials
• markets
• Political motives geopolitical and military
• diffuse internal tensions
• Cultural justification missionary campaigns
• the civilizing mission

4
Trade instigator and cultural influence

• and in your tea.

5
Sugar

• A. a matter of taste
• B. for some classes, energy
• (moved from daytime to electrical clock)
• C. Important commodity
• for the nation
• London Stock
  Exchange

6
Other examples of raw materials

• Formosa (Taiwan) geopolitical
• raw materials
• Indigenous peoples
• Chinese from 12C 17C influx
• Manchu then Qing rule
• Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, British
• Japan (1895)
• Camphor medicinal (soap) celluloid
  (valuable, by 1870s)
• new scramble for China, 1870s

7
Markets what are little girls made of?Charles
II m. Catherine of Braganza, 1661
8
Mughal India the rot within

• dispersed and not always loyal
• provinces
• by 17C most of territory (with land revenue)
  sarkar
• local lords, warriors and tributary chiefs
• demand for goods and services from EIC, VOC
• how military
• diplomacy
• subterfuge
• accommodation

9
Power in South Asia 18C

• Mughal Empire
• Princely States
• Europeans (Dutch, Portuguese, English and French)
• Bengal Englishmen and Indians worked for the
  EIC and their
• own profit, under the protection of the company
• Mughal power was disintegrating
• local nawabs had established stable rule
• hemmed in by the Marathas to the south
• from 1744 British at Madras and French in
  Pondicherry
• tried to exploit rivalries to their own end
• 20 years of warfare ended in 1765 with British
  success
• British became the new Nawabs HOW?

10
In Bengal

• nawabs attempted to drive increasingly powerful
• EIC out but unsuccessful the Battle of
• Plassey in 1757
• Clive impeached made at least 400 000 in a
  personal fortune
• Mughals ceded financial administration or diwani
  of Bengal and Bihar in 1765
• expansion to 1765 presented as exceptional
  further expansion was forbidden
• for next forty years the gap between official
  understandings and reality on the ground enormous
  how could this be?
• trade central, and especially country trade

11
Hyderabad Empire by indirect rulePhilip Meadows
Taylor Confessions of a Thug

• south-central Indian state Nizam
• Mughal subsidiary
• enemy of Tipu Sultan (French)
• English help in return for
• money
• promise to keep army at the ready
• European arms, officers and training
• Resident to deal with outside politics
• emasculated indebted
• lost political power
• agricultural revolution

12
Britain in China

• desire to push trade balance
• resulted in War (Opium War (1839-42)
• five open ports and extraterritoriality
• further destabilized the country
• strengthened reactionary powers
• series of rebellions
• Empire by accident liberal government
• reform groups

13
The Ottoman Empire, 1800-1914

• peak expansion in late 17C
• retreat a. internal turmoil
• b. external factors
• a. internally Sultan, ulema, Janissary corps
• in Empire regional power/Nationalism
• imports, corruption, misuse of tax revenues
• b. externally European advances in technology
  and strategy
• the Great Game British support Ottomans only to
  avoid possible Russian expansion
• British government pushes extraterritorial
  status
• c. results territorial losses in Caucasus,
  central Asia, Balkans, Egypt
• linking of Islam to nationalism/supra-national
  identities

14
The Capitulations and Reforms

• Ottoman economy increasingly relies on foreign
  loans
• by 1882 forced to accept foreign administration
  of debts
• Capitulations agreements that exempted Europeans
  from Ottoman law
• early attempts at reform
• the Tanzimat era
• the Young Turks era

15
Conclusions

• Ironically,
• as Britain is defining the legal, financial and
  philosophical/intellectual/cultural apparatus to
  become a liberal democracy
• it is also becoming the worlds largest Empire
• fancy footwork to make that work