Title: Microbiology with Lab
1Microbiology with Lab
- Denver School of Nursing General Education
Classes - Lecture Friday 700am 1124am
- Laboratory Friday 1200 200pm
- Instructor Micah Hughes, MS Biotechnology, BA
Bio / Anthro
BIO 205 CH 23 24 GI GU Micro
2Not so Microbiological
3Cholinergic Pharm
4(No Transcript)
5(No Transcript)
6Chapter 23Infections of the Digestive System
7The Digestive System
Figure 23.1
8Dental diseases
- Caries
- S. mutans
- produces glucan
- mesh for dental plaque
- lactic acid
- damages enamel
- Periodontal disease
- gingivitis
- inflammation of gums
- periodontitis
- damage to tissue
- Bacteriodes gingivalis, B. intermedius
Figure 23.2
9Mumps
- Mumps virus
- inflammation-salivary gland/other organs
- bilateral parotitis
- pathogenesis
- incubation up to 18 days
- upper respiratory tract
- move into salivary glands
- complications--spread to other areas
- orchitis (testes)
- deafness
- vaccine (MMR)
10Shigellosis
- Shigella species
- bacillary dysentery
- Pathogenesis
- penetrate mucosa cells--phagocytosis
- produce toxin--Shiga toxin
- intense inflammation
- bleeding/ulceration
- mucous and blood in excreta
- normally self-limiting
- recovery in 2-7 days
- severe dehydration--shock/death in children
Figure 23.5
11Typhoid Fever
- Salmonella typhi
- Pathogenesis
- contaminated food or water
- infections at other sites
- low infectious dose
- involve lymphatic and circulatory systems
- Symptoms
- about a month
- severe fever/headache
- apathy, weakness, abdominal pain and rash
Figure 23.6
12Salmonellosis
- Salmonella species
- pili adhere to GI tract
- invasive growth
- epidemiology
- ingestion of contaminated food
- poultry/eggs/meats/other foods
- inadequate cooking
- improper thawing
- symptoms
- abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, last 3-5 days
- complications in old, young, immunosuppressed
Figure 23.8
13Escherichia coli
- Enterotoxigenic strains
- Travelers diarrhea
- Enterohemorrhagic strains
- E. coli O157H7
- hemolytic uremic syndrome
- bloody diarrhea
- severe anemia
- kidney failure
- shigalike toxin
- Many strains nonpathogenic
- Enteroinvasive strains
- Diarrhea in all ages
- Enteropathogenic strains
- diarrhea in infants
- Enteroaggregative strains
- Chronic diarrhea in infants
14Cholera
- Vibrio cholerae
- Asia, S. America, Africa
- Pathogenesis
- multiply within small intestines
- enterotoxin produce symptoms
- production of cyclic AMP in mucosal cells
- secretion of water/electrolytes into lumen
- loss of liters in hours
- sudden nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea
- rice-water stools
- severe dehydration
- need IV to replace fluids
- oral rehydration therapy
Figure 23.9
15Gastrointestinal infections
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus
- Gastroenteritis
- self-limited diarrhea or cholera-like illness
- fish from contaminated waters
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- Enterocolitis
- acute abdominal pain
- resemble appendicitis
- cause of unnecessary appendectomy
16Gastrointestinal infections
- Campylobacter spp.
- Campylobacteriosis
- Bloody diarrhea
- abdominal pain
- fever
- Clostridium difficile
- result of antibiotic therapy
- usually resolves when therapy ends
- cause of nosocomial infection
17Peptic Ulcer Disease
- Helicobacter pylori
- gastric and duodenal ulcers
- growth in stomach
- damage to mucosal lining--specific products
- survival in low pH
- organism produces urease
- urea--gtammonia
- increases pH in microenvironment
- allows growth
- Treatment
- antibiotics
18Staphylococcal food poisoning
- S. aureus (enterotoxin)
- absorbed in bloodstream (via digestive tract)
- 1-6 hours after eating
- nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea
- epidemiology
- from skin of food handlers
- incubate and grow
- custard-filled bakery goods
- dairy products
- processed meats
- potato salad
- various canned goods
19Other food poisoning
- Clostridium perfringes
- less severe
- absorption of toxin
- cooked meats and gravy
- spores not killed by cooking meat
- spores germinate when gravy incubates
- heat lamps, warmers
- toxin produced
- symptoms appear with 10-24 hours
- recovery within 24 hours
20Other food poisoning
- Bacillus cereus
- spore former
- vegetative cells incubate
- two different enterotoxins
- heat-stable vomiting
- rice
- heat-labile diarrhea
- meat and vegetables
21Rotavirus
- Gastroenteritis
- damages intestinal epithelial
- watery diarrhea
- fever
- vomiting
- nausea
- fecal/oral route
- infants and children
22Norwalk agents
- Gastroenteritis
- fecal-oral route
- symptoms
- nausea
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- crampy abdominal pain
- older children and adults
- incubation--48 hrs
- self-limiting disease
23Protozoan infections
- Amoebic dysentery
- Entamoeba histolytica
- invasive colitis
- extraintestinal amoebiasis
- widespread infection
- bloody mucoid stools
- fever abdominal pains
- Giardiasis
- Giardia lamblia
- transmission of cyst
- contaminated water
- person-person contact
24Protozoan infections
- Balantidiasis
- Balantidium coli
- invade epithelium of colon
- diarrheal stools
- blood and pus
- Cryptosporidiosis
- Cryptospridium
- abdominal pain
- watery, bloodless diarrhea
- municipal outbreaks
25Helminthic infections
- Pinworm
- small, white, roundworm
- females leave intestine to lay egg
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- roundworm
- lifecycle includes intestine, blood, lungs
- Hookworm
- suck blood from host
- Strongyloides stercoralis
- warm, moist climates
- multiple reinfection
26Helminthic infections
- Whipworm
- Trichuris trichiura
- whiplike roundworm
- Trichinosis
- Trichinella spiralis
- fever, muscle pain, malaise
- larvae migrating through tissues
- Tapeworms
- Taenia spp.
- Flatworms
27Hepatitis A virus
- Hepatitis A virus
- RNA virus
- fecal-oral spread
- infectious hepatitis
28Hepatitis B virus
- DNA virus
- three antigens
- HBsAg
- HBcAg
- HBeAg
- three forms
- Dane particles
- full virion
- spherical
- empty envelope
- tubule
- empty envelope
Figure 23.17
29Hepatitis B virus
- serum hepatitis
- contaminated blood or blood products
- 50 no symptoms
- most survive
- fulminant hepatitis
- total liver failure
- associated with liver cancer
- prevention
- HBV vaccine
- recombinant HBsAg
30Other Hepatitis viruses
- Hepatitis C
- Blood or sexual contact
- long incubation period
- six months
- 50 develop hepatitis
- Hepatitis Delta agent
- coinfection with Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis E virus
- infectious hepatitis
- serious during pregnancy
31Helminthic Infections
- Liver Fluke
- Fasciola hepatica
- sheep liver fluke
- Opisthorchis sinensis
- Chinese liver fluke
Fig 23.18
32Break Time!!!
33Chapter 24Infections of the Genitourinary System
34Urinary Tract Infections
- Urinary tract infection (UTI)
- any or all parts of urinary tract
- Cystitis common bladder inflammation
- E. coli--most common
- Urethritis urethra
- many organisms
- Pyelonephritis kidneys
- E. coli 75
35Leptospirosis
- Leptospira interrogans
- Spirochete
- kidney or liver disease
- Weils syndrome
- animals to humans
- urine contaminated water
- entrance
- mucous membrane
- break in skin
- difficult to diagnose
- small cells
- special media for culturing
36Sexually Transmissible Diseases
- Increase in STDs
- antibiotic resistance
- newly recognized pathogens
- multiple sexual partners
Two sexual partners per month
Three sexual partners per month
Figure 24.3
37Gonorrhea
- N. gonorrhoeae
- sexually transmitted disease urethra
- 300,000 cases/60 age 15-24
- males--80 symptoms urination/discharge
- females--asymptomatic
- leads to pelvic inflammatory disease
- potential for systemic infection
- gonorrheal endocarditis
- gonorrheal meningitis
- gonorrheal arthritis
- infants ophthalmia neonatorum
38Syphilis
- Treponema pallidum
- spirochete
- Primary stage several weeks
- hard based chancre
- infectious serous exudate
- Secondary stage 6-8 weeks
- skin rash
- loss of hair
- malaise, mild fever
- Latent period
- Tertiary phase years later
- untreated cases
- T-cell immunity--gummus (rubbery mass)
Figure 24.5
39Chlamydia
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- coinfection with N. gonorrhoeae
- most prevalent STD
- many cases go untreated
- leading cause
- infertility
- ectopic pregnancy
- transmit to infant at birth
- neonatal eye infection
40Other STDs
- Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- invasive strain
- infects lymphoid tissue
- tropical regions
- Chancroid
- Haemophilus ducreyi
- tropical areas
- Africa, Asia, Latin American
- becoming more common in US
- linked to crack cocaine epidemic
- ulcer on genitals
41Other STDs
- Nongonococcal urethritis
- inflammation of urethra
- other than N. gonorrhoeae
- Granuloma Inguinale
- Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
- not highly communicable
- raised lesions
- open draining ulcers
42Viral STDs
- Genital herpes
- Herpes simplex virus
- HSV-2 normally genital tract
- HSV-1 normally mouth and face
- cold sores, fever blisters
- latency
- moves from nerve ending to nerve ganglion
- reactivates to epithelial tissue
- Neonatal herpes
- brain and internal organs
- lifelong disabilities
- No cure--treatment with acyclovir
43Viral STDs
- Genital warts
- Papilloma virus
- Over 65 types--based on DNA
- Diseases
- benign wart
- cervical carcinoma
- Replication
- proliferation of cells
- basal layer of epithelium
- no progeny virus in these cells
- cells differentiate
- virus replicates in later cells--shed from surface
44Female reproductive tract
- Vaginitis
- vaginal secretion
- Gardnerella vaginalis
- decrease in lactobacilli
- increase in pH
- fishy-smelling discharge
- diagnosis
- vaginal wet mount
- Gram stain
- absence of other bacteria
45Female reproductive tract
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
- strains of Staphylococcus aureus
- produce toxin
- toxic shock syndrome-associated toxin (TSST)
- bacteria reproduce
- tampons
- enters bloodstream causing symptoms
46Female reproductive tract
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- infection beyond vagina
- uterus
- fallopian tubes
- ovaries
- increased risk if not treated
- infertility
- ectopic pregnancy
47Female reproductive tract
- Candidiasis
- Candida albicans
- yeast infection
- thick white vaginal discharge
- severe vaginal itching
- predisposition
- changes in hormone levels
- broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy
- alter normal microbiota
- treatment
- nystatin or terconazole
48Female reproductive tract
- Trichomoniasis
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- flagellate protozoan
- copious vaginal discharge
- estimated 25 women in US
- diagnosis
- microscopic analysis of vaginal discharge
Figure 24.15
49Infections of newborns
- Listeriosis
- Listeria moncytogenes
- infect placenta or during birth
- meningitis
- septicemia
- endocarditis
- Group B streptococcal infection
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- transmitted during birth
- pneumonia
- meningitis
- sepsis
50Infections of newborns
- Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
- Cytomegalovirus
- herpesvirus family
- Transmission
- close contact, saliva, blood
- Symptoms
- healthy children and adults
- asymptomatic or brief mononucleosislike illness
- prenatal infections
- spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, severe birth
defects
51You have completed Week 7
- of Microbiology!!
- Remember to
- KEEP UP WITH YOUR
- 1) Text READING
- 3) PowerPoint Review