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Microbiology with Lab

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Title: Microbiology with Lab


1
Microbiology with Lab
  • Denver School of Nursing General Education
    Classes
  • Lecture Friday 700am 1124am
  • Laboratory Friday 1200 200pm
  • Instructor Micah Hughes, MS Biotechnology, BA
    Bio / Anthro

BIO 205 CH 23 24 GI GU Micro
2
Not so Microbiological
3
Cholinergic Pharm
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
Chapter 23Infections of the Digestive System
7
The Digestive System
Figure 23.1
8
Dental diseases
  • Caries
  • S. mutans
  • produces glucan
  • mesh for dental plaque
  • lactic acid
  • damages enamel
  • Periodontal disease
  • gingivitis
  • inflammation of gums
  • periodontitis
  • damage to tissue
  • Bacteriodes gingivalis, B. intermedius

Figure 23.2
9
Mumps
  • Mumps virus
  • inflammation-salivary gland/other organs
  • bilateral parotitis
  • pathogenesis
  • incubation up to 18 days
  • upper respiratory tract
  • move into salivary glands
  • complications--spread to other areas
  • orchitis (testes)
  • deafness
  • vaccine (MMR)

10
Shigellosis
  • Shigella species
  • bacillary dysentery
  • Pathogenesis
  • penetrate mucosa cells--phagocytosis
  • produce toxin--Shiga toxin
  • intense inflammation
  • bleeding/ulceration
  • mucous and blood in excreta
  • normally self-limiting
  • recovery in 2-7 days
  • severe dehydration--shock/death in children

Figure 23.5
11
Typhoid Fever
  • Salmonella typhi
  • Pathogenesis
  • contaminated food or water
  • infections at other sites
  • low infectious dose
  • involve lymphatic and circulatory systems
  • Symptoms
  • about a month
  • severe fever/headache
  • apathy, weakness, abdominal pain and rash

Figure 23.6
12
Salmonellosis
  • Salmonella species
  • pili adhere to GI tract
  • invasive growth
  • epidemiology
  • ingestion of contaminated food
  • poultry/eggs/meats/other foods
  • inadequate cooking
  • improper thawing
  • symptoms
  • abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, last 3-5 days
  • complications in old, young, immunosuppressed

Figure 23.8
13
Escherichia coli
  • Enterotoxigenic strains
  • Travelers diarrhea
  • Enterohemorrhagic strains
  • E. coli O157H7
  • hemolytic uremic syndrome
  • bloody diarrhea
  • severe anemia
  • kidney failure
  • shigalike toxin
  • Many strains nonpathogenic
  • Enteroinvasive strains
  • Diarrhea in all ages
  • Enteropathogenic strains
  • diarrhea in infants
  • Enteroaggregative strains
  • Chronic diarrhea in infants

14
Cholera
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • Asia, S. America, Africa
  • Pathogenesis
  • multiply within small intestines
  • enterotoxin produce symptoms
  • production of cyclic AMP in mucosal cells
  • secretion of water/electrolytes into lumen
  • loss of liters in hours
  • sudden nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea
  • rice-water stools
  • severe dehydration
  • need IV to replace fluids
  • oral rehydration therapy

Figure 23.9
15
Gastrointestinal infections
  • Vibrio parahaemolyticus
  • Gastroenteritis
  • self-limited diarrhea or cholera-like illness
  • fish from contaminated waters
  • Yersinia enterocolitica
  • Enterocolitis
  • acute abdominal pain
  • resemble appendicitis
  • cause of unnecessary appendectomy

16
Gastrointestinal infections
  • Campylobacter spp.
  • Campylobacteriosis
  • Bloody diarrhea
  • abdominal pain
  • fever
  • Clostridium difficile
  • result of antibiotic therapy
  • usually resolves when therapy ends
  • cause of nosocomial infection

17
Peptic Ulcer Disease
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • gastric and duodenal ulcers
  • growth in stomach
  • damage to mucosal lining--specific products
  • survival in low pH
  • organism produces urease
  • urea--gtammonia
  • increases pH in microenvironment
  • allows growth
  • Treatment
  • antibiotics

18
Staphylococcal food poisoning
  • S. aureus (enterotoxin)
  • absorbed in bloodstream (via digestive tract)
  • 1-6 hours after eating
  • nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea
  • epidemiology
  • from skin of food handlers
  • incubate and grow
  • custard-filled bakery goods
  • dairy products
  • processed meats
  • potato salad
  • various canned goods

19
Other food poisoning
  • Clostridium perfringes
  • less severe
  • absorption of toxin
  • cooked meats and gravy
  • spores not killed by cooking meat
  • spores germinate when gravy incubates
  • heat lamps, warmers
  • toxin produced
  • symptoms appear with 10-24 hours
  • recovery within 24 hours

20
Other food poisoning
  • Bacillus cereus
  • spore former
  • vegetative cells incubate
  • two different enterotoxins
  • heat-stable vomiting
  • rice
  • heat-labile diarrhea
  • meat and vegetables

21
Rotavirus
  • Gastroenteritis
  • damages intestinal epithelial
  • watery diarrhea
  • fever
  • vomiting
  • nausea
  • fecal/oral route
  • infants and children

22
Norwalk agents
  • Gastroenteritis
  • fecal-oral route
  • symptoms
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • crampy abdominal pain
  • older children and adults
  • incubation--48 hrs
  • self-limiting disease

23
Protozoan infections
  • Amoebic dysentery
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • invasive colitis
  • extraintestinal amoebiasis
  • widespread infection
  • bloody mucoid stools
  • fever abdominal pains
  • Giardiasis
  • Giardia lamblia
  • transmission of cyst
  • contaminated water
  • person-person contact

24
Protozoan infections
  • Balantidiasis
  • Balantidium coli
  • invade epithelium of colon
  • diarrheal stools
  • blood and pus
  • Cryptosporidiosis
  • Cryptospridium
  • abdominal pain
  • watery, bloodless diarrhea
  • municipal outbreaks

25
Helminthic infections
  • Pinworm
  • small, white, roundworm
  • females leave intestine to lay egg
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • roundworm
  • lifecycle includes intestine, blood, lungs
  • Hookworm
  • suck blood from host
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
  • warm, moist climates
  • multiple reinfection

26
Helminthic infections
  • Whipworm
  • Trichuris trichiura
  • whiplike roundworm
  • Trichinosis
  • Trichinella spiralis
  • fever, muscle pain, malaise
  • larvae migrating through tissues
  • Tapeworms
  • Taenia spp.
  • Flatworms

27
Hepatitis A virus
  • Hepatitis A virus
  • RNA virus
  • fecal-oral spread
  • infectious hepatitis

28
Hepatitis B virus
  • DNA virus
  • three antigens
  • HBsAg
  • HBcAg
  • HBeAg
  • three forms
  • Dane particles
  • full virion
  • spherical
  • empty envelope
  • tubule
  • empty envelope

Figure 23.17
29
Hepatitis B virus
  • serum hepatitis
  • contaminated blood or blood products
  • 50 no symptoms
  • most survive
  • fulminant hepatitis
  • total liver failure
  • associated with liver cancer
  • prevention
  • HBV vaccine
  • recombinant HBsAg

30
Other Hepatitis viruses
  • Hepatitis C
  • Blood or sexual contact
  • long incubation period
  • six months
  • 50 develop hepatitis
  • Hepatitis Delta agent
  • coinfection with Hepatitis B
  • Hepatitis E virus
  • infectious hepatitis
  • serious during pregnancy

31
Helminthic Infections
  • Liver Fluke
  • Fasciola hepatica
  • sheep liver fluke
  • Opisthorchis sinensis
  • Chinese liver fluke

Fig 23.18
32
Break Time!!!
33
Chapter 24Infections of the Genitourinary System
34
Urinary Tract Infections
  • Urinary tract infection (UTI)
  • any or all parts of urinary tract
  • Cystitis common bladder inflammation
  • E. coli--most common
  • Urethritis urethra
  • many organisms
  • Pyelonephritis kidneys
  • E. coli 75

35
Leptospirosis
  • Leptospira interrogans
  • Spirochete
  • kidney or liver disease
  • Weils syndrome
  • animals to humans
  • urine contaminated water
  • entrance
  • mucous membrane
  • break in skin
  • difficult to diagnose
  • small cells
  • special media for culturing

36
Sexually Transmissible Diseases
  • Increase in STDs
  • antibiotic resistance
  • newly recognized pathogens
  • multiple sexual partners

Two sexual partners per month
Three sexual partners per month
Figure 24.3
37
Gonorrhea
  • N. gonorrhoeae
  • sexually transmitted disease urethra
  • 300,000 cases/60 age 15-24
  • males--80 symptoms urination/discharge
  • females--asymptomatic
  • leads to pelvic inflammatory disease
  • potential for systemic infection
  • gonorrheal endocarditis
  • gonorrheal meningitis
  • gonorrheal arthritis
  • infants ophthalmia neonatorum

38
Syphilis
  • Treponema pallidum
  • spirochete
  • Primary stage several weeks
  • hard based chancre
  • infectious serous exudate
  • Secondary stage 6-8 weeks
  • skin rash
  • loss of hair
  • malaise, mild fever
  • Latent period
  • Tertiary phase years later
  • untreated cases
  • T-cell immunity--gummus (rubbery mass)

Figure 24.5
39
Chlamydia
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • coinfection with N. gonorrhoeae
  • most prevalent STD
  • many cases go untreated
  • leading cause
  • infertility
  • ectopic pregnancy
  • transmit to infant at birth
  • neonatal eye infection

40
Other STDs
  • Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • invasive strain
  • infects lymphoid tissue
  • tropical regions
  • Chancroid
  • Haemophilus ducreyi
  • tropical areas
  • Africa, Asia, Latin American
  • becoming more common in US
  • linked to crack cocaine epidemic
  • ulcer on genitals

41
Other STDs
  • Nongonococcal urethritis
  • inflammation of urethra
  • other than N. gonorrhoeae
  • Granuloma Inguinale
  • Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
  • not highly communicable
  • raised lesions
  • open draining ulcers

42
Viral STDs
  • Genital herpes
  • Herpes simplex virus
  • HSV-2 normally genital tract
  • HSV-1 normally mouth and face
  • cold sores, fever blisters
  • latency
  • moves from nerve ending to nerve ganglion
  • reactivates to epithelial tissue
  • Neonatal herpes
  • brain and internal organs
  • lifelong disabilities
  • No cure--treatment with acyclovir

43
Viral STDs
  • Genital warts
  • Papilloma virus
  • Over 65 types--based on DNA
  • Diseases
  • benign wart
  • cervical carcinoma
  • Replication
  • proliferation of cells
  • basal layer of epithelium
  • no progeny virus in these cells
  • cells differentiate
  • virus replicates in later cells--shed from surface

44
Female reproductive tract
  • Vaginitis
  • vaginal secretion
  • Gardnerella vaginalis
  • decrease in lactobacilli
  • increase in pH
  • fishy-smelling discharge
  • diagnosis
  • vaginal wet mount
  • Gram stain
  • absence of other bacteria

45
Female reproductive tract
  • Toxic Shock Syndrome
  • strains of Staphylococcus aureus
  • produce toxin
  • toxic shock syndrome-associated toxin (TSST)
  • bacteria reproduce
  • tampons
  • enters bloodstream causing symptoms

46
Female reproductive tract
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease
  • infection beyond vagina
  • uterus
  • fallopian tubes
  • ovaries
  • increased risk if not treated
  • infertility
  • ectopic pregnancy

47
Female reproductive tract
  • Candidiasis
  • Candida albicans
  • yeast infection
  • thick white vaginal discharge
  • severe vaginal itching
  • predisposition
  • changes in hormone levels
  • broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy
  • alter normal microbiota
  • treatment
  • nystatin or terconazole

48
Female reproductive tract
  • Trichomoniasis
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
  • flagellate protozoan
  • copious vaginal discharge
  • estimated 25 women in US
  • diagnosis
  • microscopic analysis of vaginal discharge

Figure 24.15
49
Infections of newborns
  • Listeriosis
  • Listeria moncytogenes
  • infect placenta or during birth
  • meningitis
  • septicemia
  • endocarditis
  • Group B streptococcal infection
  • Streptococcus agalactiae
  • transmitted during birth
  • pneumonia
  • meningitis
  • sepsis

50
Infections of newborns
  • Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • herpesvirus family
  • Transmission
  • close contact, saliva, blood
  • Symptoms
  • healthy children and adults
  • asymptomatic or brief mononucleosislike illness
  • prenatal infections
  • spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, severe birth
    defects

51
You have completed Week 7
  • of Microbiology!!
  • Remember to
  • KEEP UP WITH YOUR
  • 1) Text READING
  • 3) PowerPoint Review
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