Psyc 3533 Final Exam tutorial

1
Psyc 3533Final Exam tutorial
2
Sexual Coercion

• Canadian terminology
• Sexual assault
• Rape and other unwanted, imposed physical sex
  (e.g. kissing, groping, etc.)
• Rape
• Non-consensual penetration

3
Sexual Coercion

• Mostly known to victim
• 95-98 of these acts perpetrated by men
• Non-consensual sex highest in non-egalitarian
  societies
• Sociocultural context
• Glorification of violence
• Sexual scripts
• Men assertive and initiate sex
• Women passive gatekeepers

4
Sexual Coercion

• Early family influences
• Sexual aggressor likely to have been abused
• Peer group
• Abusive friends
• Situation
• Secluded places
• Alcohol

5
Sexual Coercion

• Miscommunication
• Friendly vs. Sexually attracted
• Power Motives
• Sex and power motives interact
• Norms and attitudes
• Hypermasculinity

6
Sexual Coercion

• 4 Theoretical views
• Victim-precipitated
• She was asking for it
• Psychopathology
• Offenders are sick
• Feminist
• Gender inequality (cause and result)
• Social disorganization
• Community cannot enforce norms

7
Sexual Coercion

• Commonalities (Canadian Research)
• Sensation seeking
• Early history of behavioural problems
• High levels of hostility
• Poor sexual adjustment
• Serious problems with alcohol (often families)
• Abused as children, as adults identify with the
  aggressor role
• Inability to express emotions
• Use of pornography during childhood and
  adolescence (violence and sex)

8
Sexual Coercion

• Sexual harassment
• Non-verbal
• Suggestive sounds, obscene gestures, extreme
  leering
• Most common, least recognized.
• Verbal
• Suggestions or requests for sex, comments on
  body, attire, use of crude language to refer to
  persons body parts, functions, showing porno.

9
Sexual Coercion

• Physical
• Unnecessary touching, grasping, cornering,
  hugging, kissing without consent or encouragement
• Least common, most recognized.
• Effects
• Depression
• Illness
• Insomnia
• Absenteeism.

10
Sexual Coercion

• Can be confused with socially accepted scripts
• Shes playing hard to get but she wants it as
  much as I do, shell come around if I dont let
  up
• Confusion
• Culture teaches women to play hard to get
• Hard to know when its not an act if the other
  person is insensitive or has poor social skills

11
Sexual Coercion

• Date rape
• Alcohol consensual or not.
• Drugs consensual or not.
• Rohypnol. GHB
• Epidemic on many North American campuses
• BC study 27 sexual assaults involved these
  drugs
• In a survey, 76 of college males said they would
  rape if they could get away with it.

12
Sexual Coercion

• Child Sexual Abuse
• Very widespread
• Hard to get accurate figures
• Sometimes entire communities
• Mt. Cashel
• Most common family friend, relative
• Occupations with kids
• daycare
• school
• scouts
• sports

13
Sexual Coercion

• Pedophilia
• Adult who likes to have sex with children
• Pederasty
• A (usually erotic) relationship between an older
  man and an adolescent boy outside his immediate
  family
• Some believe children are capable of consensual
  sex, and of enjoying it
• Prostitution and pornography.
• Sex tourism, e.g. Thailand, Philippines.
• Web child pornography.

14
Sexual Coercion

• Legally, a child cannot consent to sexual
  activity. (To age 14). ANY sexual activity
  between adult and child is considered abusive.
  Sexual activities
• exhibitionism
• kissing
• fondling
• sexual touching
• oral sex
• vaginal intercourse
• anal intercourse

15
Sexual Coercion

• Between 14 and 17 consent is possible if
• there is no relationship of trust, authority or
  dependency
• there is no payment or offer of payment
• there is no anal intercourse
• About 90 of child sexual abuse is not reported.

16
Sexual Coercion

• Consequences for victims
• anxiety
• PTSS
• depression
• low self-esteem
• psychosomatic illness
• aggression
• abnormal interest in sex
• school problems
• sleep problems, nightmares
• more vulnerable to subsequent abuse
• Lowest risk assertive child

17
Sexual Coercion

• Womens role as sexual abusers rare
• Three types of female abusers described
  (Matthews)
• male coerced
• teacher/lover
• predisposed
• One difference with male abusers apparent lack
  of sexual arousal, more like self-hatred, hatred
  of own body and of femininity.

18
Sexual Coercion

• Repressed and recovered memories of abuse
• False memory syndrome (E. Loftus)
• Dissociation
• Defends from pain and helps to comply with
  secrecy (usually threats)
• Facilitates continued interaction with abuser in
  normal circumstances.
• Abuser can be dissociated into two different
  people 1) very good and 2) very evil.

19
Definitions

• The scientific study of homosexuality
• Frequency
• Who is?
• Need a definition
• Self-label
• Behaviour
• How often?
• When?
• Tea room men, Indonesian men
• Causes

20
(No Transcript)
21
Definitions

• Kinsey
• 37 of all males had at least one same sex
  experience to orgasm in adulthood
• 1 10 of the population
• Canadian Community Health Survey
• National Health and Life Styles Survey
• Twice as many men as women

22
Definitions

• Bisexuality
• 33 - if based on one encounter
• More sexual activity in general, including
  masturbation.
• More high risk behaviour
• Majority married (heterorole)
• Sexual pleasure oriented

23
Definitions

• Danger
• 71 of bisexual men do not tell their female
  partners
• STDs AIDS
• Adolescent males
• Very common transitional stage
• Difficulty
• Rejected by both hetero and homo

24
Attitudes

• Heterosexism
• Heterosexual normal
• Homophobia
• Strong, irrational fears of homosexuals
• Homonegativity
• Negative attitudes and behaviors toward
  homosexuals
• Cultural attitude based on religious teachings

25
Research

• Adams, Wright and Lohr (1996) gave test to
  measure homophobia to male college students
• Group 1 high scores
• Group 2 low scores
• All participants were hooked to plethysmograph
  that measured erection
• They all watched film clips of hetero, gay and
  lesbian sex
• Group 1 54 had increased penile errection
• Group 2 24 had increased penile circumference

26
Gender Differences

• In an experiment heterosexual and homosexual
  males and females watched videos of
• Heterosexual sex
• Male gay sex
• Lesbian sex
• Nude males
• Nude females
• Bonobos having sex
• The participants were hooked to a plethysmograph
  and were asked to report verbally when they were
  aroused

27
Gender Differences

• Heterosexual males became aroused when watching
• Heterosexual sex
• Lesbian sex
• Nude females
• Homosexual males became aroused when watching
• Male homosexual sex
• Nude males
• 100 concordance between plethysmograph results
  and self report

28
Gender Differences

• Both heterosexual and homosexual women were
  aroused by all the videos according to the
  plethysmograph
• Self reports were at odds with objective data
• Women are not aware when they are aroused
• Another gender difference
• More women self-label bisexual than males
• More women switch sexual orientation over their
  life times

29
Development of Sexual Orientation

• Possible variables involved
• Genes
• Hormones in utero
• Subtle intrauterine interactions
• Brain timing
• Early influences
• Identity problems
• Social stereotypes, prejudice

30
Development of Sexual Orientation

• Cannot look for THE cause
• INTERACTIONS
• Individual differences in etiology
• Circumstances
• Jail, boarding school
• Cross-cultural evidence
• Prescribed homosexuality at certain age-stage
• Definition found in many cultures
• gay man is the one that is penetrated

31
Development of Sexual Orientation

• Genetic
• Twin Studies

Monozygotic Dizygotic Adopted
Genetic Similarity 100 50 0
Concordance Rate 52 22 11
32
Development of Sexual Orientation

• Sociological theories
• Importance of labels
• Labels affect perception
• Perception affects behaviour
• This can influence self-perception
• Leading to self-labelling.

33
Development of Sexual Orientation

• Reiss
• Negative pathway
• Rigidly polarized societies have higher incidence
  of male-male sex
• High maternal involvement Low paternal
• Little opportunity to learn
• Positive pathway
• Very permissive societies
• Experimentation OK.

34
Bem The Exotic Becomes Erotic
Boys more active and aggressive
Different exotic
35
Bems Theory Criticisms

• There is NO abundant evidence of inborn
  aggression and activity levels by gender
• Contaminated by culture.
• Homosocial activities are mostly a cultural
  phenomenon.
• Children who dont fit the gender stereotypes are
  clearly told they are odd and wrong.

36
Bems Theory Criticisms

• Many gays are gender typical in their
  interests, appearance, etc. Bem fell for the
  effeminate guy/macho woman stereotype of gays.
• Many atypical (i.e., boys who played with dolls,
  girls who played with trucks) kids do not go on
  to become gay.

37
Bell and Weinberg Typology

• Sample of 979
• Close coupled
• One long-time partner
• Marriage type relationship
• Few problems
• Few sex partners
• Infrequent cruising

38
Bell and Weinberg Typology

• Open coupled
• steady live-in partner
• Also many outside partners
• Frequent cruising
• More likely to have problems
• More likely to regret being gay

39
Bell and Weinberg Typology

• Functional
• Not coupled
• High number of sex partners
• Few problems
• Younger
• High sex drive
• Few regrets

40
Bell and Weinberg Typology

• Dysfunctional
• Not coupled
• High number of partners
• Many sex and psychological problems
• Tense
• Unhappy
• Depressed

41
Bell and Weinberg Typology

• Asexual
• Low in sexual interest and activity
• Less exclusively gay
• Very secretive
• Loners
• Highest incidence of suicidal thoughts

42
Bell, Weinberg and Hammersmith

• In depth interviews comparing gays/ lesbians and
  straights.
• No support for psychoanalytic, learning or
  sociological (labelling) theories.
• They speculate a biological basis but have no
  data.

43
Menopause

• A natural, normal physiological change.
• Permanent cessation of menstruation.
• Complex interaction of domains
• Physical
• Social
• Psychological
• Cultural
• Spiritual

44
Menopause

• Climacteric (perimenopause)
• Long transition period leading to menopause
• 35-60
• ovaries less and less responsive to FSH
• decline of estrogen and progesterone production
• anovulatory cycles, periods less blood, shorter
• less testosterone
• Menopause
• 12 continuous months without a period

45
Menopause

• Some estrogen and progesterone produced by
• Adrenal glands
• Skin
• Muscle
• Brain
• Pineal gland
• Hair follicles
• These hormones stored in fatty tissue

46
Menopause

• Universal signs of menopause
• cessation of menses
• cessation of ovulation
• decreased hormonal output
• vaginal dryness
• skin changes

• Non-universal changes
• hot flashes
• tachycardia
• headaches
• memory lapses
• fatigue
• irritability
• depression

47
Menopause

• Associated medical conditions
• Osteoporosis (brittle bones)
• Bones lack calcium
• No correlation between amount of Ca2 in diet and
  incidence of osteoporosis
• excess of protein in the diet results in Ca2
  loss during metabolism.
• Heart Disease

48
Menopause

• Osteoporosis
• Bones lack calcium
• No correlation between amount of Ca2 in diet and
  incidence of osteoporosis
• excess of protein in the diet results in Ca2
  loss during metabolism.
• Women 1 in 4, men 1 in 8 (no estrogen
  deprivation in men)
• Prevention
• Muscle mass helps to prevent osteoporosis.
• good diet, phytoestrogens
• no smoking

49
Menopause

• Heart Disease
• Uncommon until 20th century
• Longevity
• womens life expectancy from 48 to 84.
• Genetics and Lifestyle

50
Menopause

• Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
• Completely discredited today
• HRT can cause
• reproductive cancers
• heart disease
• dementias
• asthma
• hearing loss
• memory loss
• and other health problems

51
Menopause

• Psycho-Socio-Cultural Aspects of Menopause
• Associated with loss of status for women
• Aging seen as loss of value
• Fear of Aging Associated With Menopause Causes
• negative expectations
• negative thoughts and emotions
• defeatist behaviours

52
Menopause

• Androcentric Image of Women
• sexy
• young
• fertile
• Post-Menopausal women
• dry
• withered
• unattractive

53
Menopause

• Some Cultures Associate Menopause with
• power
• wisdom
• high social status
• leadership roles
• respect
• In these cultures women have few complaints about
  menopause

54
Menopause

• Menopause and Sex
• 50 report more enjoyment
• no fear of pregnancy
• partners slower
• more self-assured
• Use of artificial lubricants
• Vagina
• use it or lose it (atrophy)

55
Andropause

• Male Climacteric
• 40-55
• Some real physical changes
• Less obvious than women
• Confounded with normal aging changes
• less energy
• slower RT (reaction time)
• less vigorous responses

56
Andropause

• Testosterone Drops
• testosterone maintains muscle, stimulates bone
  health, so less testosterone leads to reduced
  muscle mass and weaker bones.
• Sperm Count
• also affected (drops) due to testosterone drop.

57
Andropause

• Sexual Performance Declines
• increased episodes of impotence
• genitals shrink, prostate enlarges
• more time to reach arousal
• erections less hard
• ejaculations less forceful, less quantity
• increased refractory period

58
Andropause

• Estrogen Drops
• estrogen helps cardiac health, prevents
  atherosclerosis, counteracts LDL cholesterol, so
  less estrogen increases probability of
  atherosclerosis (arterial plaque) and of bad
  cholesterol.

59
Andropause

• HRT for Men
• Testosterone
• Can cause
• prostate cancer
• prostate enlargement
• blood clots
• lower HDL (the good cholesterol)
• heart disease
• Same prevention
• lifestyle

60
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Women 43
• Men 30
• Young Women mostly psychosocial
• Old Men mostly organic

61
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Drugs that affect sexual response
• antidepressants
• antipsychotics
• tranquilizers
• alcohol
• heroin
• morphine
• cocaine
• marijuana

62
Sexual Dysfuntion
63
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Erectile dysfunction
• Can be primary or secondary
• premature ejaculation 29
• male orgasmic disorder

64
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Female orgasmic disorder
• Primary and secondary 25-35
• Arousal disorder (menopause)
• Dyspareunia
• Painful intercourse
• Vaginismus
• Spasms of the vagina
• Penetration impossible

65
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Vulvodynia
• Chronic irritation, burning, soreness of the
  vulva
• Without contact
• Vulvar vestibulitis
• Pain inside labia minora, introitus
• Contact (penis, tampon, toy)

66
Sexual Dysfuntion

• hypoactive sexual desire little interest in sex
• males 16
• females 33
• sexual aversion disorder
• males 8
• females 21

67
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Organic Causes of Erectile Disorder
• circulatory problems
• heart disease
• diabetes (38)
• medications (e.g., for hypertension)
• alcohol, short and long term
• recreational drugs

68
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Some causes of painful intercourse or
• dyspareunia women14-15 (vs. males
• 3)
• Introitus scars
• Vaginal infections and STDs
• Uterine or vaginal prolapse
• Cancer
• PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)
• Endometriosis
• Cysts
• Insufficient lubrication
• Not enough foreplay

69
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Psychological causes
• anxiety
• fear of sex
• fear of failure
• inability to let go (cognitive)
• spectatoring
• interpersonal problems
• depression interferes with sexual desire and
  orgasmic capacity
• antidepressants

70
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Biological factors
• testosterone deficiencies
• hyper or hypothyroidism
• temporal lobe epilepsy
• circulatory system pathology or neurological
  problems
• Multiple Sclerosis (leads to male orgasmic
  disorder)
• inadequate lubrication (leads to dyspareunia)
• vaginal infections and STDs (leads to
  dyspareunia)
• prolapsed uterus
• cervical cancer

71
Sexual Dysfuntion

• endometriosis and PID
• diabetes
• spinal cord injuries
• antihypertension drugs
• kidney disease
• emphysema

72
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Masters and Johnsons Sex Therapy
• acceptance of mutual responsibility
• sexual dysfunction a couples problem
• no blame attached
• elimination of performance demands and anxiety
• sexual intercourse prohibited during the therapy

73
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Therapeutic steps for anorgasmic women
• Education, information
• Self exploration
• Kegels (PC Muscle)
• Self-touching and self-stimulation. Masturbation
• Assertive thoughts, giving self permission
• Use of fantasy, books, video, audiotapes
• Focus on sensations, not on goal
• Bring in partner. Nondemanding sensate focus
  exercises no intercourse
• Partner stimulates women manually or orally to
  orgasm following her directions
• Intercourse when she is ready

74
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Biological treatments for erectile dysfunction
• Surgery to unblock vessels that supply blood to
  penis
• Hormones testosterone, if abnormally low (men
  and women) MIGHT help
• Injections muscle relaxants, into corpus
  cavernosum. Allows blood vessel muscles to relax
  and blood flows in
• Suppositories muscle relaxant into penis
• Vacuum pump increases blood flow into penis
• Penile implants permanent

75
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Pills
• Viagra (sildenafil)
• Vasomax (phentolamine) relax blood vessel muscles
• Spontane (apomorphine) works at brain level to
  trigger erection
• Cialis (tadalafil)

76
Sexual Dysfuntion

• Side effects of Viagra (dose dependent)
• headaches
• flushing
• indigestion
• nasal congestion
• visual distortions
• drug interactions
• dizziness
• eye pain
• hearing loss
• allergic reactions
• Vasomax fewer side effects (?)
• must be bought by prescription, due to danger of
  heart attacks.