SPOT4, SPOT5 and VEGETATION, Pl

1
SPOT4, SPOT5 and VEGETATION, Pléiades and
further mini/microsats opportunities

• J.L. Fellous1) and D. Massonnet2)
• 1) CNES, Paris, France
• 2) CNES, Toulouse, France

2
CNES programs for Earth Observation, Science and
Applications

• Framework international cooperation
• European cooperation
• bilateral (Belgium, Sweden, Germany, Italy,
  European Commission, etc.)
• multilateral (ESA, EUMETSAT)
• International cooperation
• United States (NASA, NOAA)
• Japan (NASDA)
• India (ISRO)
• Satellite and instrument "series" or "families"
• High resolution imagery satellite series
• SPOT, PLEIADES, ESA radar satellites for science
  and civilian applications
• HELIOS Defense needs
• Meteorological satellite series
• Improving operational satellite missions for
  weather forecast

3
The SPOT program

• SPOT 1 launched 22 February, 1986
• no more on-board recording
• SPOT 2 launched 22 January, 1990
• no more on-board recording since October, 1993
• SPOT 3 launched 26 September, 1993
• failed on 14 November, 1996
• SPOT 4 launched 24 March, 1998
• New platform, same resolution
• New middle IR band, VEGETATION payload
• SPOT 5 to be launched in early 2002
• Resolution 5 m in panchromatic mode, 10 m in
  spectral mode 2,5 m in
  panchromatic mode through processing
• Passengers VEGETATION-2 and HRS (High resolution
  stereo camera)

4
The VEGETATION program
Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and
Cultural AffairsBelgium
5
10-day synthesis (11-20 May, 1998)
6
VEGETATION

• A new payload on-board SPOT-4
• Partners F, B, S, I, European Union
• Same spectral bands as SPOT-4
• Swath width 2250 km
• Resolution 1,1 km
• Quasi daily global coverage
• VEGETATION-2 will fly on-board SPOT-5, thus
  allowing continuous data acquisition over 10
  years of global vegetation cover
• VEGETATION products
• P reflectance at top of atmosphere, No
  correction applied
• S synthesis at various resolutions
• S1 (daily)
• S10 (10 days)

http//www-vegetation.cnes.fr http//www-spotimage
.fr
7
The VEGETATION Millenium Initiative

• Objectives
• Contribution of the VEGETATION Program to the
  international Millenium Ecosystem Assessment
  initiative free access to global VEGETATION
  daily composites
• Expected outcomes
• Production of global and regional land cover maps
  with specific reference to the implementation and
  control of the international conventions
• 2000 land cover inventory for the globe
• Global assessment of burnt areas per land cover
  class
• Mechanism
• Initiative open to the international science
  community
• Announcement of opportunity released in June 2000
• Partnership
• Data provision sponsored by the partners of the
  VEGETATION Program
• Support from international programs such as IGBP
  and GOFC

8
Pléiades
9
PLEIADES

• A global and coherent approach to Earth
  observation
• A multi-sensor system using small satellites to
  face new challenges
• A technology challenge, with the advent of US
  metric commercial satellites
• A dual-use challenge the need to cover both
  civilian and defense needs
• A European challenge satisfy European users
  needs
• A market challenge develop market, research and
  applications
• A set of complementary components
• Optical imagery
• High resolution (lt 1 m)
• Wide field (100 km)
• Other Hyperspectral, ...
• Radar imagery
• High resolution
• Interferometric cartwheel
• An overall architecture and a deployment strategy

10
Pléiades an innovative program

• Improve performances
• Develop innovative and competitive technologies
• Reduce development and exploitation costs

11
PLEIADES The high resolution optical component
Image specifications Resolution 0.6 m 0.8
m Field of view better than 20 km Spectral bands
RGB PIR Dynamic range 12 bits Agility 60 of roll
or pitch within 35 seconds Data gathering
capability up to 20000 sq. km per orbit Image
positioning within 1 m with GCP s within 20 m
without GCP s
12
PLEIADES The high resolution optical component
13
PLEIADESThe Super spectral component

• Precision farming applications
• In partnership with Aventis,Astrium,Inra,Spot
  Image
• Main characteristics of the space segment
• resolution 10 to 20 m
• 10 to 20 spectral bands
• revisit time 2 to 8 days
• deployment logic
• definition and validation of the various products
• definition and construction of a probatory system
  launch 2003
• definition and construction of an operationnal
  system launch 2006

14
PLEIADESThe wide field optical component
Image specifications Resolution 2.5 m Field of
view 40 km Spectral bands RGB PIR Dynamic range
10 bits Agility 60 of roll within 25 seconds
60 of pitch within 10 seconds Data gathering
capability up to 160000 sq. km per orbit Image
positioning within 2 m with GCP s (over 1000
km within 100 m without GCP s
15
PLEIADESThe Interferometric Cartwheel

• An original concept
• 3 passive radar microsatellites flying in
  formation with a conventional SAR on slightly
  different orbits (excentricity and perigee
  argument)
• stable horizontal and vertical baselines are
  created for coherent combinations of radar images

Orbital Plane
Illuminated area

16
PLEIADESThe Interferometric Cartwheel

• Main applications
• Digital Elevation Model metric capability with
  a several kilometers baseline after a preliminary
  correction with a 30m DEM
• Other applications
• super-resolution up to a factor 2 with respect
  to the transmitters resolution depending on the
  baselines
• mapping of ocean currents using along track
  interferometry
• Planning
• End of feasability studies mid 2001
• first launch of ICW 2004 (with ALOS in L-band)
• Exploration of an ENVISAT Cartwheel (CNES/DLR in
  close relation to ESA)

17
GOAL to challenge SRTM A radical, but costly,
solution to global topography with more accuracy,
more coverage and more science The on-board X-SAR
mission is a good start for Europe, together with
SPOT and HRS Two simultaneous radar images no
displacements no atmospheric contribution
Cover of Ball Aerospace magazine
18
Implementation of Earth observation in
partnership with other initiatives

• Goals
• understanding the Earth system (GMES)
• fulfilling the observational needs of major
  international programs (IGOS)
• Dual Missions
• Bi-lateral cooperations (regardless of purely
  military missions)
• High Resolution Optical, High Resolution X-band
  Radar
• Commercial Missions
• Public Private Partnership high precision
  agriculture with superspectral data
• Scientific and/or technological Missions
• ESA (Earth Explorer, Earthwatch) L band radar,
  hyperspectral...
• Operational Missions
• Various cooperations within Earthwatch, in
  particular with EUMETSAT

19
Mini-micro satellites projects

• Two main families of mission
• Mini-satellites
• PROTEUS bus (CNES-ALCATEL), 5-600 kg
• 300 MF ( 45M), once every 2-3 years
• Projects
• funded Jason-1, PICASSO/CENA
• under study Jason-2, SMOS, MEGHA-TROPIQUES
• Micro-satellites
• CNES-developed micro-satellite platform, 100 kg
• 50 MF ( 7.5M), twice a year
• Projects
• funded DEMETER, PICARD, PARASOL, others...
• under study SAPHIR, ORAGES, ALTIKA, AMPERE, SVO,
  RHEA, etc.

20
The opportunity of mini-platform JASON

• JASON-1 will continue, starting in late 2000, the
  high accuracy measurements inaugurated with
  Topex/Poseidon
• Coupled to in situ observations, dynamic
  topography data obtained with JASON-1 will be
  assimilated into 3-D ocean models, capable of
  providing a prediction of the ocean state, in the
  perspective of an operational oceanography

Topex/Poseidon (2.5 tons)
Jason (500 kg)
21
Mini/micro satellites for aerosols and clouds

• PICASSO/CENA (backscatter lidar, for cloud and
  aerosols studies) has been selected by NASA and
  CNES for flight in 2003
• MEGHA-TROPIQUES, SAPHIR and ORAGES projects are
  devoted to tropical studies complementing the
  U.S.-Japan TRMM
• POLDER on microsat (PARASOL 2004)
• Earth radiation budget
• Atmosphere (mainly aerosols)
• Ocean color
• Land surfaces (mainly biosphere)

22
POLDER/ADEOS 1 global aerosol index
23
Atmospheric Chemical, Physical and Dynamic
Processes

• Satellite sensors
• WINDII/UARS
• ODIN, POAM
• PICARD
• Balloon program
• 15 instruments existing or underdevelopment for
  atmospheric studies
• Major objectives
• Process studies
• Validation of satellite sensors (ILAS, SAGE,
  POAM, ODIN, ENVISAT)
• Coordinated international campaigns (e.g.,
  THESEO, INDOEX), in polar, medium latitudes or
  tropical regions

24
PICARD

• Proposed by L. Damé, Service dAéronomie
• Second CNES micro-satellite (decision Oct. 1998)
• Scientific objectives
• climatology
• influence of solar forcing on earth climate
• relationship between Sun diameter and constant
• Solar physics and internal structure
• Payload (30 kg)
• SODISM imaging telescope (CCD 2048x2048) to
  mesure (at ?1 mas) the solar diameter
• differential radiometer SOVAP (Belgian
  contribution) and photometers UVSPM (Swiss
  contribution) to measure the absolute solar
  constant
• Launch late 2003-early 2004
• Sunsynchronous orbit (660 km, 98, 6h-18h)

25
Solid Earth Physics general landscape

• OERSTED (micro-satellite, Denmark and France,
  launched in February 1999)
• Earth magnetic field measurements
• CHAMP (Germany and France, launch in 2000)
• Earth gravity and magnetic fields measurements
• France provides highly accurate accelerometers
  and magnetometer and participates in data
  analysis
• DEMETER, SVO (Space Volcano Observatory)
• GRACE (DLR/NASA)
• France partner of DLR in GRACE data processing
• GOCE
• The first ESA Earth Explorer missions
• Crust Displacements
• DORIS, SPOT imagery, SAR interferometry,
  interferometric cartwheel

26
DEMETER

• Scientific Objectives
• Main objective
• Detection of Electromagnetic Emis-
• sions Transmitted from Earthquake
• Regions
• Secondary objectives Study of electromagnetic
  environment of the Earth in connection with
  volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, anthropogenic
  activities, solar activity
• Mission First micro-satellite project of CNES
• Altitude 800km (polar orbit)
• Time-duration 2 years
• Launch beginning of 2002
• Present status Under phase C/D
• International AO will be released by CNES in
  December 2000 Creation of a DEMETER
  International Science Team (DIST)

27
DEMETER

• Payload (50kg)
• Magnetic sensors - Frequency range 10Hz-15kHz -
  3 components
• Electric sensors - Frequency range DC-4MHz - 3
  components
• Langmuir probe (ionic and electronic temperature
  and density)
• Ion spectrometer (electron and proton spectra)
• Energetic particle analyzer (density, temperature
  and velocity of main ions)
• Observation strategy
• Measurements over areas with latitudes lt 65.
• 2 data acquisition modes
• a survey mode (low bit rate data 25 Kbits/s)
• all over the world. EM spectra are recorded
• A burst mode (high bit rate data 1.8 Mbits/s)
• above the seismic regions.The complete waveforms
  
• are recorded.

28
Last but not least ground segment

• A dedicated ground segment for data processing
  and information production is a fundamental part
  of any Earth Observation program
• CNES policy
• Mandate process all data up to level 2, although
  hardly sufficient
• Work with user organizations, in France and
  abroad, to ensure proper development, production
  and delivery of higher-level products to science
  and applications users
• Examples
• Ocean altimetry data system for Topex/Poseidon,
  ERS, ENVISAT
• Atmospheric chemistry data system for UARS,
  ENVISAT, balloon campaigns
• Clouds and aerosols data system for POLDER,
  ScaRaB, IASI, PICASSO-CENA, etc.
• ALOS Data European Node (ADEN)

29
Conclusions

• Earth observation from space has proven a
  powerful and unique tool for a variety of
  research and applications areas
• Space agencies must support missions for research
  and public good
• Public-private partnership is a new avenue to
  explore for commercial applications, but it will
  require some time before private initiatives can
  significantly substitute to public funding
• Establishing global observing systems is one of
  the challenges of the next decade with
  user-friendly interfaces
• CNES is committed to participate to the
  coordinated effort of space and user agencies
  (IGOS Integrated Global Observing Strategy)
• One key issue transfer of experimental to
  operational systems
• Operational oceanography
• Monitoring of the continental biosphere
• GMES issues