South Asia

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South Asia
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MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA

• WELL DEFINED PHYSIOGRAPHICALLY
• THE WORLDS SECOND LARGEST POPULATION CLUSTER
• SIGNIFICANT DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS
• LOW INCOME ECONOMIES
• POPULATION CONCENTRATED IN VILLAGES - SUBSISTENCE
  AGRICULTURE
• STRONG CULTURAL REGIONALISM

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THE REALM

• Five Regions
• India
• Pakistan
• Bangladesh
• Mountainous North
• Southern Islands

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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• THE SPATIAL VIEW OF DEMOGRAPHY
• STUDY OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, COMPOSITION,
  RATES OF GROWTH, AND PATTERNS OF FLOW
• POPULATION DENSITY (INDIA)
• ARITHMETIC- 904/sq mi
• PHYSIOLOGIC- 1,615/sq mi (US415/sq mi)
• KEY MEASURES
• RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE
• DOUBLING TIME

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POPULATION PROFILES
INDIA
JAPAN
AGE
MALE
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
70
60-69
50-59
40-49
30-39
20-29
10-19
0-9
20
10
0
30
15
0
30
15
10
20
Percent of Population
Percent of Population
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POPULATION DENSITY
World Average 117/mi2
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Pacific
315
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
341
East Asia
865
South Asia
South Asia
Subsaharan Africa
Subsaharan Africa
82
52
N. Africa/S.W. Asia
N. Africa/S.W. Asia
53
South America
South America
176
Middle America
Middle America
7.6
Austral
874
Japan
Japan
42
North America
North America
Russia
Russia
22
265
Europe
Europe
0
400
600
800
1000
200
Realm
People per square mile
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POPULATION DENSITY
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POPULATION GROWTH
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DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
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POPULATION DENSITY COMPARISON
United States - Bangladesh
UNITED STATES 77 people/ sq mile
BANGLADESH
133,000,000 50,300
2,644 people/ sq mile
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MONSOONS

• To the people of India the monsoons are a source
  of life.
• Seasonal reversal of winds
• General onshore movement in summer
• General offshore flow in winter
• Very distinctive seasonal precipitation regime

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Monsoons
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MONSOON RAINS
ESSENTIAL FOR RICE PRODUCTION. HOWEVER
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POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MONSOONS

• Widespread flooding
• Property damage
• Destruction to agricultural lands
• Damage to transportation infrastructure
• Homelessness
• Disease
• Malnutrition
• Serious injury
• Death

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India - Historical

• Ancient India (2700 BC-1000 AD)
• Medieval India (1000-1756)
• Freedom struggle (1757-1947)
• Modern India (1947-Present day)

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Harappa/Mohenjodaro
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India - Historical

• Harappa was an Indus Valley urban center.
• There are also the well-known accounts in the Rig
  Veda of northern or Aryan people driving an
  indigenous Dravidian people into south India.
• It is unclear whether the ancient Harappans would
  have been Aryans or Dravidians.
• All these sites flourished between 3000 and 2000
  B.C., if not earlier.

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CULTURE

• A culturally fragmented realm
• Religious and linguistic diversity
• Religious Patterns
• Islam is predominant in Pakistan and Bangladesh.
• Hinduism is predominant in India.
• Sikhism thrives in northern India.
• Buddhism is predominant in Sri Lanka.

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CULTURE HEARTH The Indus River

• Where an early culture emerged and developed
• Arts and trade routes emerged from isolated
  tribes and villages to towns and beyond.
• Hinduism emerged from the beliefs and practices
  brought to India by the Indo-Europeans (Aryans).
  (6th century BC)
• Buddhism born of discontent made the state
  religion of India in 3rd century BC
• Islam sweeps through central India from the 8th
  -10th centuries AD

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LANGUAGES
Hindi 320 m Bihari 70 m Marathi 67
m Rajasthani 44 m Gujarati 39 m Oriya
31 m Assamese 23 m Sindhi 17
m Sinhalese 13 m Telugu 71m Tamil
67m Kannada 43m Malayalam 35m
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RELIGION
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HINDUISM

• The worlds oldest religion
• Culture hearth of the Indus River
• Diffused south and east down the Ganges
• Absorbed and eventually supplanted earlier native
  religions and customs

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HINDUISM

• Not just a religion
• An intricate web of religious, philosophical,
  social, economic, and artistic elements
• No common creed
• No single doctrine
• No direct divine revelation
• No rigid narrow moral code

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REINCARNATION

• Every living thing has a soul.
• When a living thing dies, its soul moves into
  another living creature.
• Souls are reborn in a newly created life.

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RELIGIOUS CONTRASTS

• ISLAM
• Monotheistic
• No idols
• One sacred book
• Uniform dogma - 5 pillars
• Intolerant (of other religions)
• Eat beef/Sacrifice cows
• Bury Dead
• Social Equality (in theory)
• Theocratic society

• HINDUISM
• Polytheistic
• Many idols
• Various sacred writings
• Varying beliefs
• Absorbed other religions
• Venerate cows
• Burn dead ( alive)
• Caste separation
• State of secondary importance

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ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF BUDDHISM

• Siddhartha Gautama (563 - 483 B.C.)
• Emperor Asoka (3rd Century B.C.)

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BUDDHISM

• Adherents objected to harsher features of
  Hinduism
• Focuses on knowledge, especially self-knowledge
• Elimination of worldly desires, determination not
  to hurt or kill people or animals

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EIGHTFOLD PATH TO THE MIDDLE WAY

• Right understanding
• Right purpose
• Right speech
• Right conduct
• Right means of earning a living
• Right effort
• Right awareness
• Right meditation

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FALL OF BUDDHISM ON THE SUBCONTINENT

• Hinduism - broad and tolerant, accepting many
  of the teachings of Buddha
• Buddhists in India - willing to compromise with
  the beliefs and customs of Hinduism
• Final blow - 8th century - arrival of Islam
• -- Destroyed the great Buddhist monasteries
• -- Burned libraries
• -- Killed monks
• Today - only 1 million Buddhists in India

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WHERE ARE THE MUSLIMS ?
Millions
168.3
Indonesia
180
India
160
128.8
125
140
Pakistan
104
120
Bangladesh
100
Turkey
62
61.7
80
Iran
57.1
60
Egypt
40
18.2
Saudi Arabia
20
0
of
of
Muslims
Muslims
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PAKISTAN (AT PARTITION)
India
West Pakistan
East Pakistan
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PARTITION

• CHALLENGES
• STABILITY
• REFUGEES

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MUSLIMS IN INDIA
1931
1991
1951
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KASHMIR

• INDEPENDENCE PARTITION
• JAMMU KASHMIR FACED WITH THE CHOICE OF JOINING
  EITHER HINDU INDIA OR MUSLIM PAKISTAN
• KASHMIR HINDU MAHARAJA BUT MUSLIM POPULATION
• 1947 PAKISTANI TRIBESMEN INVADE
• MAHARAJA FLEES TO DELHI AND ACCEDES TO INDIA
• INDIAN and PAKISTANI TROOPS MOVE IN
• JANUARY 1949 U.N. CEASE FIRE

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Kashmir and Violence

• 1998 - Both India and Pakistan test nuclear
  weapons.
• These tests prompt international condemnation and
  consequently the U.S. imposed sanctions on both
  countries.
• May 1999 - For the first time in thirty years
  India launched air strikes against
  Pakistani-backed militants who had infiltrated
  into the mountains of India-controlled Kashmir.
• India claimed these militants were engaging in
  terrorist operations in India-controlled Kashmir
  with the aid and support of the Pakistani
  government. Pakistan claimed, and still claims
  until this day that these militants are merely
  freedom fighters for the liberation of
  Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir.
• October 1999 - General Pervez Musharraf led a
  military coup in Pakistan, forcing out the
  elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
• Musharraf suspended the constitution and
  dismissed the Parliament, ending the hopes of a
  return to civilian rule for the worlds newest
  nuclear power. The coup was condemned by all the
  western powers and by the international
  community, which called for democratically
  administered elections. The coup led to further
  sanctions against Pakistan by the U.S.
• May 2000 - General Musharraf agreed to honor a
  Pakistani Supreme Court ruling that would return
  Pakistan to democratic rule within three years.

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Recent Developments

• September 2001 - Just eleven days after the
  terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center
  towers, President George W. Bush ended all
  sanctions against Pakistan and India.
• President Bush said the sanctions were not in US
  interests. Pakistan agreed to cooperate with the
  U.S. and root out terrorist cells throughout the
  region
• October 2001 - Thirty-eight people were killed in
  an attack by Pakistani terrorists on the state
  assembly building in Srinagar, the capital of
  Indian-administered Kashmir.
• The Jaish-e Mohammad (Army of Mohammad) militant
  group carried out the attack, in which a
  Pakistani national drove up to the main entrance
  and detonated a bomb
• December 2001 - Fourteen people were murdered in
  an unprecedented suicide attack on the Indian
  parliament in Delhi when five armed intruders
  stormed the building.
• The attackers were assumed to be Pakistani-based
  separatists groups Lashkar-I-Talyibah and
  Jaish-I-Mohammed. After the attack, a huge
  build-up of troops occurred on both the Indian
  and Pakistani side of the border. On December 25,
  both the Indians and Pakistanis moved nuclear
  missiles closer to their borders

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Pakistan

• Officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
• Originally West Pakistan East Pakistan
• East Pakistan later broke away as Bangladesh
• Original capital was Karachi
• Later moved to Islamabad
• Another example of a forward capital

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Pakistan Ethnic Groups

• Notice the geography dominated by Pushtuns?
• Relevance to Afghanistan?
• Relevance to Taleban?

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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT(PAKISTAN)

• LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY)
• A POOR COUNTRY THAT SUPPORTS A LARGE MILITARY
  ESTABLISHMENT
• ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION BEGAN IN 1990 TO BOOST
  FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC PRIVATE INVESTMENT.

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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT(INDIA)

• LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY)
• A MIXTURE OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGE FARMING AND
  MODERN AGRICULTURE
• HANDICRAFTS, OLD AND NEW BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY
• A MULTITUDE OF SUPPORT SERVICES AND NUCLEAR POWER

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GREEN REVOLUTION

• THE SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER YIELD,
  FAST-GROWING VARIETIES OF RICE AND OTHER CEREALS
  IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
• INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM-1960s
• FOCUSED ON THE FOOD CRISES
• INCREASED PRODUCTION PER UNIT AREA VIA
• MIRACLE CROPS
• NEW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
• INTENSIVE USE OF FERTILIZERS

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TARGETED AREAS
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INDIAS GREAT CITIES

• MUMBAI (BOMBAY)-
• Home to the worlds largest slumDharavi
• KOLKATA (CALCUTTA)-
• 500,000 HOMELESS
• FORMER BRITISH COLONIAL CAPITAL- 1772
• ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY PARTITION
• DELHI (NEW AND OLD)
• BRITISH AND INDIAN SEAT OF GOVERNMENT

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Bangladesh

• One of the poorest countries
• High population density
• Prone to natural hazards
• Cyclones
• Flooding

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BANGLADESH

• INDEPENDENT SINCE 1971
• FORMERLY EAST PAKISTAN
• 85 MUSLIM, 12 HINDU
• 133 MILLION PEOPLE
• PHYSIOLOGIC DENSITY 3,622/sq mi
• 1.9 ANNUAL GROWTH RATE
• PER CAPITA GNP 350 US DOLLARS
• NATURAL HAZARDS - CYCLONES

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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT(BANGLADESH)

• LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY)
• ONE OF THE WORLDS POOREST AND LEAST DEVELOPED
  STATES
• ECONOMY IS OVERWHELMINGLY AGRICULTURAL
• CULTIVATION OF RICE IS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT
  ACTIVITY IN THE ECONOMY.

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SRI LANKA

• INDEPENDENT SINCE 1948
• 19.7 MILLION PEOPLE (70 BUDDHISTS)
• PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
• TEA, RUBBER, COCONUTS
• SOUTH (MAJORITY OF POPULATION)
• ARYAN
• BUDDHISTS
• SPEAK SINHALA (INDO-EUROPEAN)
• NORTH (18 OF THE POPULATION)
• DRAVIDIAN
• HINDU
• TAMIL LANGUAGE

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SRI LANKA

• Sinhalese vs Tamils
• Tamils - demanded equal rights in
• -- education
• -- employment
• -- landownership
• -- linguistic political representation
• Insurgent State
• LTTE - Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

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Nepal

• Himalayan Region
• Altitude ranges between 4877 meters and 8848
  meters
• Includes 8 of the existing 14 summits in the
  world which exceed an altitude of 8000 meters.
• Mt. Everest (8848), (2) Kangchenjunga - 8586 m,
  (3) Lhotse - 8516m, Makalu - 8463m, (5) ChoOyo-
  8201 m, (6) Dhaulagiri - 8167m, (7) Manaslu -
  8163m, and Annapurna- 8091 m.
• Mountain Region
• This region accounts for about 64 percent to
  total land area.
• Formed by the Mahabharat range that soars upto
  4877 meters.
• Terai Region
• The low-land Terai region which has a width of
  about 26 to 32 kilometers and a maximum altitude
  of 305 meters, which occupies about 17 of total
  land area of the country.
• Kechanakawal the lowest point of the country with
  an altitude of 70 meters lies in Jhapa District
  of the eastern Terai.

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Nepal

• A poor country
• Capital is Kathmandu
• Main language is Nepali
• Related to Hindi

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And the rest

• Bhutan
• Shangri La because it is relatively untouched
  by modernity
• Monarchy
• The Maldives
• Archipalego in the Indian Ocean
• The realms highest per capita GNP
• Tourism