Medical Machinery

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Medical Machinery

• What is the difference between a
• CT scan, MRI, PET, X-Ray and Ultrasound?

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CT SCAN or CAT SCANComputed Tomography

• by using an x-ray beam passing through the body
  to produce an image. The CT scan x-ray beam spins
  on a ring in a round part of the scanner called
  the gantry. You lay on a table that moves in and
  out of the gantry while the table passes you
  through the spinning x-ray beam. CT USES A
  MAGNETIC IMAGERY similar to an x-ray.
• MODERATE to HIGH RADIATION EXPOSURE

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MRIMagnetic Resonance Imaging

• A powerful MAGNETIC field used to align nuclear
  magnets with water (hydrogen atoms) in the body.
• Uses magnets and radio waves to create the image
• Best used for soft tissues of the
• body
• There are many types of MRIs
• NO RADIATION EXPOSURE

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CAT versus MRI

• MRI shows tendons and ligaments very well
• Tendons and ligaments around the shoulder and
  knee are best seen in an MRI.
• This is due to the density of the tissues that
  compose the tendons and ligaments.
• Spinal cord is best seen by MRI for the same
  reason. The density of the spinal cord and the
  composition shows better on an MRI.

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CAT versus MRI

• CT scan is the preferred modality for cancer,
  pneumonia, and abnormal chest x-rays.
• Bleeding in the brain, especially from injury, is
  better seen on CT than MRI.
• But a tumor in the brain is better seen on MRI.
• If you've been in an accident, organs can get
  torn or damaged.
• CT shows organ tear and organ injury quickly and
  efficiently.
• Broken bones and vertebral bodies of the spine
  are better seen on CT but injury to the spinal
  cord itself is displayed on MRI far better than
  CT.
• CT is far superior at visualizing the lungs and
  organs in the chest cavity between the lungs.
• MRI is not a good tool for visualizing the chest
  or lungs at all.

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CT Scan Machine
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MRI Machine
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• First photo is a MRI of brain tumor you can see
  two tumors
• Second photo is a CT of same brain showing only
  one tumor. (better in showing bleeding on the
  brain in trauma patients like bus/ car accidents)

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CT images of cervical spine (neck area)

• CT for bone fractures (shown) shows the BONE of
  the cervical spine
• MRI for spinal cord injury (area between bones)

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Pelvis CT

• Can you find the pelvis fracture?

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Pelvis CT

• Can you find the pelvis fracture?

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Abdomen CT

• With CONTRASTyou would have to drink a chalky
  liquid in order to visualize particular areas OR
  get an IV for dye
• Black spots show lesions,
• Cysts or tumors

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CONTRAST CONTENTS

• Oral contrast is composed of a mineral called
  barium sulfate (BaSO4).
• Barium is a metallic element that is chemically
  similar to calcium but more reactive.
• The compound works due to barium's relatively
  high atomic number (Z 56), since large nuclei
  absorb X-rays much better than smaller nuclei.

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Intravenous Contrast IV Content

• Contains IODINE
• Some people with shellfish allergies have an
  allergic reaction to this contrast
• When administered, it brightens internal organs,
  arteries, veins and tissues as it courses through
  them.

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PET SCAN Positron Emission Tomography

• an imaging test that can help reveal how your
  tissues and organs are functioning.
• To show this chemical activity, a small amount of
  radioactive material must enter your body.
• The radioactive material may be injected into a
  vein, inhaled or swallowed
• Isotopes needed (C-11, N-13, Rb-82)

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PET SCAN

• More radioactive material accumulates in areas
  that have higher levels of chemical activity.
  This often corresponds to areas of disease and
  shows up as brighter spots on the PET scan.
• A PET scan is useful in evaluating a variety of
  conditions including neurological problems,
  heart disease and cancer.

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PET with CAT

• The PET/CT is the most advanced medical imaging
  technique available today. It combines Positron
  Emmission Tomography (PET) with Computed
  Tomography (CT).
• A PET scan offers the ability to detect changes
  in cell function

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ULTRASOUND

• Ultrasound is cyclic sound pressure with a
  frequency greater than the upper limit of
  human hearing

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SONOGRAM

• The most well known application of ultrasound is
  its use in sonography to produce pictures of
  fetuses in the human womb

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SonogramIts a Boy!
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SonogramIts a Girl!

• No boy parts 3-D views

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TWINS!
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TRIPLETS
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X-RayX-Radiation

• X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of
  electromagnetic radiation
• They are shorter in wavelength than UV rays.
• X-rays can penetrate solid objects, and their
  largest use is to take images of the inside of
  objects in diagnostic radiography and
  crystallography
• X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation and
  exposure to them can be a health hazard.

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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PLEASE NOTE

• Sound waves (ultrasound) are not a part of the
  Electromagnetic Spectrum
• X-Rays are a part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
• They travel at different speeds. Sound waves are
  slower.
• SPEED OF LIGHT 3.00 x 108 m/s
• (300,000,000 m/s)
• SPEED OF SOUND 340 m/s
• Sound waves travel faster in water than in air.

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Cost of an MRI

• MRI cost can range between 1000 to 3,500
  depending upon which MRI procedure is performed
• Average cost is over 1000
• (example brain MRI vs. shoulder MRI) and where
  you have the MRI test performed

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Cost of a CT scan

• Cost 300-700 per body part
• Cost of a diagnostic scan (this is one that your
  doctor orders because of an injury or symptom)
  600- 1500
• Full body CT scan with contrast- up to 6000
• Contrast is a dye injected or swallowed to show
  tissuesetc

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Cost of Ultrasound

• Cost of ultrasound is typically around 200
• Also depends on which area is being viewed.

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Cost of a X-Ray

• Depends on the part and how many images are taken
• 80-250 or higher
• Example a pelvic x-ray can cost 1,200

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RADIOLOGY

• Radiology is the branch or specialty of medicine
  that deals with the study and application of
  imaging technology like x-ray and radiation to
  diagnosing and treating disease.
• A Radiologist is a Medical Doctor (M.D.) that
  reads MRIs and CT scans.
• Radiologists know their chemistry!
• Schooling
• 4 years (Undergraduate degreelike Chemistry,
  Biology, Genetics, etc)
• 4 years (Medical school)
• 2-4 years (Residency-get paid here)

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Median salary is 290,000 per yearAccording to
salary.com

• Radiation Physics
• Anatomy and Physiology
• Principles of Radiographic Exposure
• Radiobiology
• Radiographic Examination
• Radiographic Studies
• Fluoroscopic Studies
• Orthopedic Studies
• Special Imaging Studies
• Patient Care
• Patient Physical Assessment