Visuals

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CHM130 study guide for final exam. Instructor
Ken Costello
Topics
Visuals
Building Blocks
Forces Energy
Mathematics
1. Stone tool technology depended on finding
rocks with glass-like properties. Obsidian was
one of them.
What are the two primary elements that make up
glass? Silicon and oxygen
What kind of bond is there between these
elements? Covalent

• Obsidian density is 2.4 g/cm3. The mass of an
  obsidian arrow head is 7.2 grams. What is its
  volume?
• A. 7.2 cm3
• B. 3 cm3
• C. 3 grams
• D. 3 times

B
2. When a clay pot is fired, a chemical change
occurs which makes it waterproof and harder.
When clay is fired, what compound is driven
off? Water
Firing requires high temperatures. Name three
fuels that ancient people used. (3pts) Animal
fatWoodAnimal Dung(anything flammable)

• Ceramic instructions says fire at 1000C. Your
  kiln temp gauge is in Fahrenheit, what do you set
  it to? (FC9/532)
• A. 9032 F
• B. 243F
• C. 587 F
• D. 1832 F

D
3. Food stored will spoil unless something
inhibits the growth of bacteria and mold.
Bacteria absorb dissolved nutrients to survive.
What compound do you eliminate to stop this
process? Water
How does salt pull water out of food? Salt has
- charges that pull on water Or water has
- charges that pull on the salt.
Wine is preserved with 120mg per liter sulfur
dioxide (SO2). Your doctor says you can have 90
mg. How much can you drink? A. 750 mL B. 0.75
mL C. 1333 cc D. 1.33 L
A
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Building Blocks
Forces Energy
Mathematics
Topic
Visuals
Looking at the atomic weights, what element needs
to fuse with oxygen to make silicon? Carbon.
Millions of degrees are needed for elements to
fuse together. Why? To overcome electron to
electron proton to proton repulsions

• The remains of a supernova are neutrons at
  density of 454 billion g/cm3. A teaspoon (5 cc)
  of this weighs how many lbs.?
• A. 17 battleships (5 billion lbs)
• B. 9 locomotives (1 million lbs)
• C. 454 billion lbs.
• D. 1 million grams.

4. Supernovas are responsible for creating the
100 elements we know of.
A
5. The Periodic Table of the Elements organizes
elements in rows and columns.
If sodium had been the building block, find an
alternative with similar properties. One of
these Potassium (K), Lithium (Li), Rubidium
(Rb), or any from Group 1A. Letters are good.
Name not needed
Which column in the Periodic Table has elements
that pull the hardest on electrons? 7A Or 17
How many times heavier is sulfur compared with
oxygen? Twice
6. The Periodic Table of the Elements organizes
elements in rows and columns.
Which two columns have elements that combine with
each other the most aggressively? 1A and 7A Or 1
and 17
What kind of bond is there between these
elements? Ionic
Electronegativity measures attraction to
electrons F4.0, Na0.93, K0.82, Cl3.16. Which
has stronger bond, NaF or KCl? NaF
7. These seven non-metals combine to make
poisonous gases. Knowing which gases are lighter
or heavier than air could save your life.
Name this compound P3O4 (2pts) Triphosphorus
tetraoxide Or triphosphorus tetroxide.
Air inside a hot air balloon is a mixture of
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor,
and carbon monoxide. What force is causing the
hot air balloon to rise? Gravity.
To compare densities of gases, compare molecular
weight. Which is more dense, nitrogen monoxide
or carbon monoxide? Nitrogen monoxide.
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Topic
Visuals
8. Groups 1A, 2A are called alkali metals
alkali Earth metals. The name alkali is Arabic
for the saltwort plant.
9. Water absorbs heat well, which is why its
used in car radiators.

H
H
C
O
10. One food calorie is actually 1000 calories.
So a 1000 calorie milkshake is actually 1 million
calories (1,000 kcal).
A
11.Living things are built from 6 elements with a
few metals needed for certain proteins.
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Topic
Visuals
Building Blocks
Forces Energy
Mathematics
12. Supernova explosions spread elements all over
the universe. Gravity collects elements to form
new stars and solar systems.
Helium is 2nd most abundant element in universe,
yet very little is on Earth. Why? (2pts) Being
light it is lost to space. Being inert, it
doesnt bond.
What would a helium balloon do if released on
surface of the moon? Why? (2 pts) It would
fall. Gravity is the reason(optional there is
no air to lift it)
Abundance is given in , ppm, or ppb. Write
these as fractions. (3pts) 1/100, 1/1,000,000 1/1,
000,000,000
13. Atoms are too small to count, so chemistry
resorts to indirect ways of counting. I call it
the art of counting without counting.
Making trillions of molecules of CO2 is easy
burn coal. Why is making one molecule hard? They
are too small to see or handle.
Gas pressure depends on the speed of the gas
molecules. How does temperature affect the
speed?Speed is proportional to temperature(or
temperature goes up, speed goes up.)
The ideal gas law is PVnRT. The symbols stand
for what? 5ptsPpressureVvolumenmolesR0.082
1TTemperature
14. In chemical reactions elements rearrange
themselves.
A solution of sodium sulfide Na2S and cadmium
nitrate Cd(NO3)2 are mixed to make yellow
precipitate of cadmium sulfide CdS and aqueous
sodium nitrate. What kind of reaction is
this? Double replacement
Water pulls on compounds that have a charge.
Sometimes this dissolves them. When one of the
compounds to the left is not soluble in
water? CdS (or cadmium sulfide)

• If 144.5 grams of cadmium sulfide precipitate was
  produced. How many atoms of cadmium is in the
  precipitate?
• A. 1 mole
• B. 112.4
• C. 6x1023
• D. 1.28 moles

What are the formulas for ethanol, hydrochloric
acid, and chloroform? (3 pts) CH3CH2OH or
C2H6O HCl CHCl3
Chloroform is mostly non-polar and will not mix
with the polar ethanol/hydrochloric acid mixture.
What does polar mean? One end of molecule is ,
other end -.

• Spot test recipe calls for1 mole
  acetaldehyde.How many grams ofacetaldehyde is
  that?
• A. 44 grams
• B. 16 grams
• C. 32 grams
• D. 29 grams

15. Crime labs use color tests (spot tests) to
screen for drugs. One common one is the
Duquenois-Levine Test for testing marijuana.
Chemicals needed are acetaldehyde, ethanol,
vanillin, hydrochloric acid and chloroform.
O
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Topic
Visuals
Building Blocks
Forces Energy
Mathematics
The mineral in teeth is apatite with formula
Ca?(PO4)3OHHow many Calciums are needed to make
this compound neutral? Five
Acids attack the OH in apatite turning the OH to
H2O. The apatite is left with 1 charge. How
will water respond? Negative end of water will
be attracted and pull apatite apart
Prescription fluoride toothpaste is 0.4 wt/vol
fluoride. How many grams of fluoride in 1 liter
(about 10 tubes)? 4 grams. Will it kill you if
lethal dose is 5 grams? No.
16. Fluoride (F-) in high doses is lethal, in low
doses it is used to fight tooth decay.
17. String theory tries to unify all forces and
all matter. Even though it requires 11
dimensions, the math does explain all forces and
all known particles.
What does the string theory say is the smallest
building block that makes everything in the
universe? Extremely small strings of energy
What are the 4 forces of the universe?
5pts GravityElectromagnetic ForceStrong Nuclear
ForceWeak Nuclear Force And which one holds the
nucleus of atoms together?Electromagnetic force.
Electromagnetic force is said to be 1036 times
stronger than gravitational force. How many
times would you have to say billion to equal
this? 4 times
Below is the structure of the fungicide he died
from. If someone burned this fungicide, could
hydrogen cyanide HCN and hydrochloric acid
HCl be products of this burning (assume
hydrogen could come from moisture in the
air)? Yes.
18. The Internet is full of hoaxes and myths.
Many relate to chemistry. Claim A golfer who
had a habit of chewing on his golf tee died after
playing 4 rounds of golf. He died from ingesting
fungicide sprayed on the grass by chewing on the
golf tee. Status TRUE
Hoax Myth Busters.
Carbon nitrogen are bonded in the molecule by
sharing 3 electrons each. Nitrogen has one pair
of electrons not involved. Which would be
attracted to this pair of electrons, acid H or
base OH-?
A liter of diet soda has 500 mg of aspartame.
1/10 of the aspartame will decompose into
methanol. EPA set daily dose of 0.5 mg per kg
body weight for methanol. I weigh 100 kg. What
is my limit for methanol?50 mg. If I drink 2
liters of diet soda, do I go over that limit? Yes.
H
C N
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unpaired
19. List 3 myth-urban legend-hoax buster
Websites3pts www.snopes.com
www.hoaxbusters.ciac.org www.greenfacts.org