Investments in Indonesia

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• Investments in Indonesia
• Neocolonialism and destruction of small-scale
  economy

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Poor people are fighting over charity of US 3
before Idul Fitri
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21 people died in the distribution of Zakat
before Idul Fitri in East Java province
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distribution of charity in moments close to 2009
presidential election
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People queued for cash transfers of Rp 100,000 /
family/month
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palm desert in Kalimantan
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Newmont is the richest gold mining company in the
world
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Queuing to get fuel
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Judicial Review of Investment Law
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(No Transcript)
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Violence against civilians in Papua, at
Freeport's mining site
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Eviction of small traders and street vendors to
be replaced by malls and modern shopping centers
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Protest against beef import (2009)
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Colonialism

• large-scale land ownership by big capitalists,
  especially foreign capital
• exploitation of natural resources intensively for
  export purposes
• the mobilization of cheap labor through the labor
  market flexibility.

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Investment History

• Mercantilism (1600-1800)  through VOC, the
  biggest trading company in Dutch, Nusantara (Now
  Indonesia) had been rough colonialized. Slavery
  (rodi), cultivation, which mobilized worker under
  pressure, in order to supply spices to Europe.
• Liberal Colonialism (1870-1930) the
  participation of foreign investment to companies
  in Indonesia which cover  agriculture,
  plantation, mining and refinery sector. The
  resources are mobilized to developed countries in
  Europe in purpose of industrialization.
  Indonesian people have been in the crisis
  situation. The teritorry of Indonesia including
  Java and Sumatra become primary source, while
  areas outside of Java are only of administrative
  power.
• Neocolonialism (1967-2009)  right now, the
  foreign investment is controlling all over
  Indonesia  Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan and
  Sulawesi, also including small island. The
  foreign investment has covered all sectors 
  agriculture, plantation, mineral mining, and coal
  mining, oil and trade, finance and services.
• The development of Indonesias policy about
  investment in line with the need of developed
  countries for raw materials and the market for
  surplus of production. The act No.1, 1967 about
  the foreign investment, then act No. 5, 1967
  about forestry and act No.11, 1967 about mining,
  start exploitation of forest and mining in
  Indonesia by foreign capital in big scale.

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Incentives for investment

• The Law no. 25. 2007 about investment in
  Indonesia gives facility and incentive to the
  bigger investment especially in foreign capital.
• Investment is practiced based on equal treatment
  with no differentiate to the origin Country.
• All kinds of trading are open to the investment,
  excluding some sectors that are not important to
  Indonesia economy.
• The investment giving the incentive tax like
  income taxes, fiscal taxes for capital, engine,
  or equipment, the free tax for raw material,
  value add tax, the acceleration of amortisation
  and property tax.
• The investors can flow the asset into another
  party according to the term and condition of law.
  The investor had a right to transfer and
  repatriate on the foreign exchange.
• Service and or right license for land by foreign
  party on the long term (95 years) is very
  investor-friendly in Indonesia. In fact, the
  previous law gives only 70 years.

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Biggest investment
No Country investment (USD million) Percentage
1 US 3441 41,28
2 Japan 1543 18,51
3 European Union 1543 18,51
4 China 229 2,75
5 Korea 239 2,87
6 Singapore 741 8,89
7 Australia 56 0,67
Total Investasi Total Investasi 8336 93,47
Indonesia Central Bank, 2006
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Amount of Indonesia debts(millions of USD)
years Government Private TOTAL
2000  74,916 66,777 141,693
 2001 71,378 61,696 133,074
 2002 74,661 56,682 131,343
 2003 81,666 53,735 135,401
 2004 82,725 54,299 137,024
 2005 80,072 50,58 130,652
 2006 75,809 52,927 128,736
 2007 80,609 56,032 136,64
2008 86,576 62,565 149,141
Source Bank Indonesia, 2009
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Foreign Capital Domination

• The statistic data shows that the investment in
  Indonesia runs into significant decrease in the
  last 10 year. Foreign capital becomes dominant in
  the structure of Indonesias investment. The
  amount of foreign capital is 86.79 from the
  total investment in 2008.
• The investment in Indonesia includes all economic
  sectors agriculture, plantation, forestry, oil
  and gas mining and mineral mining. Over 85 the
  investment of oil and gas, 100 mineral mining
  and 70 coal and over a half of plantation
  investment are controlled by foreign capital.

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Distribution of mining concessions
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Control of land by investment
No. The effectiveness Total area (million ha)
1. Oil and gas contract 95.45
2. Work contract (minerals) 6.47
3 Minerals contract 7.67
4 Coal exploitation (coal right by Local Government) 24.77
5 Coal contract (KKB/ PKP2B by Central Government) 5.2
6 Rights to control forest (HPH) natural 27.72
Forest for Industrial Cultivation 3.4
7 National Plantation 3.3
8 Private Plantation 1.08
Total 175.06
Total of Land area 192,26
Sources the data process from all sources,
2005 Data year 2003
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Agricultural Production Land for Peasants
Year Supporting Land for Agricultural Production Rice Supporting Land for Agricultural Production Rice Supporting Land for Agricultural Production Rice Supporting Land for Agricultural Production Rice
Year area Growth Production Growth
Year (millions of hectare) (thousands of ton)
1996 11,6 1,1 51.101 2,7
1997 11,1 -3,7 49.377 -3,4
1998 11,7 5,3 51.490 4,3
1999 12 2 50.866 -1,2
2000 11,6 -3 51.899 2
2001 11,5 -0,9 50.461 -2,8
2002 11,5 0,2 51.490 2
2003 11,5 -0,3 52.137 1,3
2004 11,9 3,8 54.089 3,7
2005 11,8 -0,9 54.056 -0,1
source Statistic 2007
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Natural Resource Exploitation

• Plantation sector Indonesia is the worlds
  biggest production of seeds number 6, tea biggest
  production no.6, coffee biggest production no 4,
  chocolate on number 4 biggest production and
  number 1 CPO production, white pepper number 1,
  black pepper number 2, nutmeg number 1, natural
  rubber number 2, synthetic rubber number no.4,
  plywood number 1 and fish produce number 6 in the
  world.
• Oil and gas mining sector, Indonesia is among the
  20 worlds oil producing country compared to the
  Asia Oceania, Afrika in 2005. Also, Indonesia is
  10th gas produce country in the world (after
  Rusia, Afrika, US, Canada, Algeria, UK, Norway,
  Montenegro, Netherlands). In the 2008, Indonesia
  is on 7th gas exporting country in the world.
  Besides, Indonesia is the 20th crude oil
  producing country in the world (2005). Indonesia
  is at the 7th rank on the coal produce in the
  world. Second order in terms of coal exports in
  the world after Australia.
• Mineral mining sector Indonesia is 7th worlds
  bauxite production. 2nd world copper produce and
  6th gold produce, 3rd world nickel produce, 11th
  silver produce, 2nd tin worlds produce right
  after China.

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Oil production by company

• 2005

Sumber US Embassy, Tahun 2005
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Gas Production by company

• 2005

Sumber US Embassy, Tahun 2005
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crude and condensate exports by country
Source ESDM, 2007
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Gas Export By Countries

• 2005

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Coal Export By Country
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• Gross Domestic Product of Indonesia

Year Annual Amount
1999 1.009,732,00
2000 1.389.769,59
2001 1.684.280,49
2002 1.897.799,96
2003 2.045.853,49
2004 2.273.141,50
2005 2.784.960,40
2006 2.967.303,10
2007 3.540.950,10
2008 4.426.385,00
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GDP and Consumption

• Indonesias GDP is contributed by the big
  consumption, foreign investment, and government
  expenditure and netto export, a half of which
  come from natural resources such as oil and
  gas, mineral, coal and plantation commodities.
• The consumption supports over 70 of Indonesias
  GDP, which are mass consumption, government and
  companys consumption
• The value of Indonesian oil consumption in 2007
  was 2,285,189.74 rupiahs per capita per month
  (total of Indonesian population reached 220
  million people). Thus oil consumption equals to
  72 percent of per capita food consumption in
  Indonesia.

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High Cost Economic

• Oil Consumption

(PSO) Oil 2007 2007 2007
(PSO) Oil quantity Price/Litre Value
(PSO) Oil (kilo liter) (Rp.) (Rp.)
Premium 17.929.843 6000 107.579.058.000.000
Kerosene 9.851.812 2500 24.629.530.000.000
Solar 10.883.740 5500 59.860.570.000.000
Sub Total 38.665.395   189.424.514.052.000
Non PSO      
Premium 16.582.173 7870 130.501.701.510.000
Kerosene 9.591.264 9572 91.807.579.008.000
Solar 9.857.880 9232 91.007.948.160.000
Sub Total 36.031.317 8891 313.317.228.678.000
Total 74.696.712   502.741.742.730.000
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poverty
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Unemployment

• Structure of Labour

Labors composition Labors composition Labors composition
Formal Sector Informal Sector Total
36,073,000 59,104,102 95,177,102
37,90 62,09 100                         
Formal Sector Labor Formal Sector Labor Formal Sector Labor
Non-proverty Proverty Total
19,291,000 16,782,000 36,073,000.00
53,48 46,52 100
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FDI and Employment

• The number of labors in all kinds of foreign
  investments are 608 thousand people, and of the
  domestic investment are 364 thousand people or
  just 1 from 94 billion of labor in all kinds of
  economic sector in the year of 2005.
• Most of labors in informal sector which doesnt
  have relation with the investment in Indonesia.
  From the total of 95,117 million labor in
  Indonesia 2006 in all kinds of economic sector,
  59,104 million work on the informal sector or
  almost 62,09 from the total employed.

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Conclusion

• Indonesias Position on the chain of global trade
  has not been moved since 200 years ago. This
  country is the source of mineral, gas, and
  plantation in order to support industry in the
  developed country. On the other hand, domestic
  economy moves into de industrialization.
• The entrance of big scale investment makes threat
  to the livelihoods of farmers. The case study
  held by IGJ relate to the mining investments of
  Newmont Corporation, Lombok Tourism Development
  Corporation and the making of Special Economic
  Zone Batam, show that big scale of investment
  causes taking over of farmers land areas, taking
  of natural resources and taking the benefit by
  foreign capital and ecological impact and social
  conflict.
• Large scale of investment makes the access of
  community vanish to the natural resources
  especially the productivity of community
  decrease. As a result, Indonesia becomes
  importer of food such as rice, soybean, meat,
  milk, wheat, sugar, salt on the big amount.
  Before that case, this food products can be
  produced by domestic farmers. Case study of West
  Nusa Tenggara found per capita income amounted to
  5,500 rupiahs per day, that is below the poverty
  line stated by World Bank (USD 1- 2 in a day)
• And last, overall the economic liberalization
  through WTO and FTA make the loss of access of
  farmers, labor, and small scale economy to the
  natural resources and market

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Solution

• Agrarian Reform Indonesian society needs real
  agrarian reform in the form of land distribution,
  agriculture production tools, capital, technology
  and access to the price and market in order to
  increase their income.
• National Industrialization In the last 20
  years, Indonesian economy entered
  de-industrialization phase where more than 70
  percent component of Indonesian industry came
  from import. National industry grew in a form of
  footloose industry. Indonesia has experienced
  deindustrialization before reaching the phase of
  industrialization. Thus, to build strong economic
  structure, it needs good industrial policy.
• Protection dan Subsidy at production level and
  productivity in which farmers need subsidy from
  the state, WTO and FTA cause farmer s access to
  market and natural resources to decline.
  Protection and subsidy should be provided by the
  government.

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• Terima kasih
• Thank you