BASE OIL ADDITIVES

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BASE OIL ADDITIVES FINISHED LUBRICANT
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BASE STOCKS

• FINISHED LUBE OIL - A MIXTURE OF BASE STOCKS
  ADDITIVE PACKAGE
• BASE STOCKS/BASE OILS- MAINLY DERIVED FROM
  PETROLEUM THROUGH VARIOUS REFINING PROCESSES
• CONVENTIONAL MODERN

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Base Oil Properties
Chemical Properties
Physical Properties
Viscosity Saturate Content Viscosity
Index Aromatic Content Volatility Sulfur
Content Flash Point Pour Point Specific Gravity
BO4 1
4
BASE OILS 100 N 100 IO VG 12 150 N 150
T 500 IO 500 N 500 T VG 100 1300 N 150
BS TURBINE OIL(L) 1600 IO TURBINE OIL(M)
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API CLASSIFICATION

• SATURATES SULFUR V.I.
• GR.1 lt 90 gt 0.03 80-120
• GR.2 90 ABOVE lt0.03 80-120
• GR.3 90 ABOVE lt0.03 OVER 120
• GR.4 PAO -
  -
• GR.5 OTHERS -
  -

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OIL REFINING PROCESSES

• CONVENTIONAL
• DISTILLATION
• SOLVENT EXTRACTION
• FINISHING PROCESSES
• DEWAXING.
• MODERN
• HYDROCRACKING
• HYDRO-ISOMERIZATION
• CATALYTIC DEWAXING.

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ADDITIVES ANTI OXIDANTS ANTI WEAR
AGENTS DETERGENTS DISPERSANTS DEFOAMER
S POUR POINT DEPRESSANTS VI
IMPROVERS DEMULSIFIERS EXTREME PRESSURE
AGENTS RUST INHIBITOR
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LUBRICATION

• SURFACE ASPARITIES
• DRY FRICTION
• SURFACES IN DIRECT CONTACT
• SURFACES IN RELATIVE MOTION
• PRODUCES LOT OF HEAT
• RESULTS IN MATERIAL WEAR
• FLUID FRICTION
• FLUID FILM SEPARATES THE SURFACES
• ONLY FRICTION IS THAT OF THE FLUID
• COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION IS MUCH LESS THAN SOLID
  FRICTION

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TYPES OF LUBRICATION

• HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
• Cylindrical Journal Bearing
• Main brg, Connecting rod brg of Automotoves
• ELASTO HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
• Ball Brg
• BOUNDARY LUBRICATION
• Gear Teeth
• Valve Train

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HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION

• THERE IS FLUID FILM BETWEEN THE SURFACES
• RESISTANCE
• FRITCTION BETWEEN THE FLUID SOLID SURFACE
• INTERNAL FLUID FRICTION OF THE LIQUID
• EXAMPLE MOST BERAINGS UNDER MODERATE LOAD AND
  SPEED CONDITIONS
• FILM THICKNESS DEPENDS ON
• SPEED
• LOAD
• VISCOSITY

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(ELASTO) HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION

• CHARACTERISTICS
• ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF THE CONTACTING SURFACES
• HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES TRYING TO KEEP THE SURFACES
  AWAY
• LOAD / PRESSURE TRYING TO BREAK THE FILM AND
  DEFORM THE SURFACES
• SURFACES ARE COMPLETELY SEPARATED BY THE FILM
• CHARACTERISTIC OF EHD LUBRICATION IS LOAD HYDRO
  DYNAMIC PRESSURE ARE IN EQUILIBRIUM

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MIXED LUBRICATION

• AS THE SPEED INCREASES, HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE
  INCREASES
• FLUID IS THERE IN BETWEEN SURFACES BUT LOAD IS
  NOT CARRIED BY THE FILM
• LOAD IS SHARED BY THE FLUID FILM AND THE
  ASPERITES (POINTS OF CONTACT)
• CONDITION IN BETWEEN BOUNDARY AND EHD LUBRICATION
• EXAMPLE JOURNAL BEARINGS UNDER LOW SPEED AND
  HIGH LOAD

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Protective Boundary Film Formation and Shear
ROUGH COMPLAINT
SURF
ACE
ROUGH COMPLIANT SURFACE
ROUGH COMPLAINT
SURF
ACE
LIQUID BOUNDRY FILM
REAL "CONTACT"
SMOOTH STIFF SURFACE
Surface-to-Surface Contact under Boundary
Conditions
Protective Boundary Film Formation and Shear
CHEM5 95
9-22-99
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CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS
Based on
GENERAL CATEGORIES SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS PHYSICA
L SPECIFICATIONS STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS PERFORM
ANCE REQUIREMENTS USERs SPECIFICATIONS TYPE OF
BASE OIL
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GENERAL CATEGORIES

• AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICANTS
• INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS
• GREASES
• SPECIALITY PRODUCTS

SPECIFIC APPLICATION

• TURBINE OILS
• HYDRAULIC OILS
• COMPRESSOR OILS
• REFRIGERATION OILS
• SPINDLE OILS
• CYLINDER OILS
• GEAR OILS
• TEXTILE OILS etc

• CUTTING FLUIDS
• METAL ROLLING OILS
• RUBBER PROCESS OILS
• RUST PREVENTIVES
• HEAT TRANFER FLUIDS
• METAL DRAWING COMPOUNDS
• QUENCHING OILS etc

• ENGINE OILS
• TRANSMISSION
• OILS

• WHEEL BEARING
• CHASSIS
• INDUSTRIAL

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PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS

• VISCOSITY
• SAE NUMBER(10W,20W,30,40 etc)
• ISO VG NUMBER(100,150,220,320,460,680,1000 etc)
• HARDNESS
• NLGI NUMBER(2,3 etc)

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

• API AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
• MIL-L U. S MILITARY SPECS
• BIS INDIAN STANDARDS
• ACEA ASSN DES CONSTRUCTEURS EUROPEENS DE
• JASO JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE STANDARDS ORG
• AGMA AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSN

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VISCOSITY

• VISCOSITY IS THE RESITANCE OF A FLUID TO FLOW
• IT IS CAUSED BY INTERNAL FRICTION OF THE FLUID
• ALL FLUIDS CAN BE CATEGORISED AS
• NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• VISCOSITY DOES NOT CHANGE WITH SHEAR OR RATE OF
  SHEAR
• EXAMPLES MINERAL BASE OILS, SYNTHETIC BASE
  OILS, MONOGRADE OILS ETC.
• NON NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• VISCOSITY VARIES WITH RATE OF SHEAR OR SHEAR
  STRESS UNDER WHICH IT IS MEASURED
• EXAMPLES MULTIGRADE OILS

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VISCOSITY

• VISCOSITY
• KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
• DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
• KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
• RESISTANCE OF A FLUID TO FLOW UNDER GRAVITY
• UNIT CENTISTOKE cSt, SUS, M2/S ETC
• DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
• ALSO CALLED ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY
• PRODUCT OF KIN VISC AND FLUID DENSITY
• UNIT CENTIPOSE cP

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Thank You