Background Fulbright

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BackgroundFulbright

• Fulbright
• Worldwide Government Program
• USIEF is funded equally by US and Indian
  governments
• Fulbrights for Indian Nationals
• Brings citizens of other countries to the US for
  Masters degree or Ph.D. study at U.S.
  universities or other institutions.
• Early-career professionals who will return to
  take leadership positions in their home
  countries.
• Programs for recent grads, lecturers and
  distinguished professors. Including teaching
  assistants for Gujarati.
• http//www.usief.org.in/Scripts/ForIndianNationals
  Overview.aspx
• My Research
• Indias Municipal Solid Waste Systems
• Working with TERI and TERI University
• Case studies in decentralized waste management.
• WasteLines.com

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Garbage in Gujarat

• Municipal Solid Waste Management in India

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Global Garbage Indias GarbageContent and
ProcessingCollection Example
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What is Garbage?
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What is Garbage?

• Garbage has always been and always will be.
• Something that is not longer of monetary or other
  value to you is garbage.
• However the actual material characteristics of
  Garbage have also changed over time
• Characteristics are even different from one
  culture to another and from one country to
  another today.

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What is Garbage?

• Survey
• Where are you from?
• Would you throw this out, recycle, or sell this
  at home?
• Did you drop something on the ground today?
• Did you drop something on the ground this week?

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What is Garbage?

• Survey Answers

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What is Garbage?
Broken TV
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What is Garbage?
Used Water Jug
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What is Garbage?
Cardboard Boxes
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What is Garbage?

• Survey Answers

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What is Garbage?

• Survey Answers from Wastelines.com
• Would you throw this out at home? Broken TV
• 43 said recycling
• One person from India said they would get it
  fixed
• A few said Curb it
• Would you throw this out at home? Used Water Tub
• 90 said they would but this item in
  the recycling
• One said they would use it to make beer.
• Would you throw this out at home? Cardboard Box
• 87.5 said they would but this item in the
  recycling
• No one would sell it.
• Some would save to reuse again

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What is Garbage?

• India has a robust industry of scrap dealers, rag
  pickers, and informal recyclers. The monetary
  value that they give your used goods means that
  those goods are not garbage.
• Other parts of the world like the United States,
  this is not the case.

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Country Comparison
From Waste to Resource
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Country Comparison

• Per capita India is a very small producer of
  waste.
• In total waste produced, India is in the top five
  in the world.
• Indias total waste produced as well as the per
  capita waste generated is likely to increase.
• World records for waste only as good as the
  countries internal reporting. In this chart the
  numbers are derived from many different sources
  and can vary up to three years.

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The Waste Market

• Municipal Waste
• India has an estimated municipal waste market of
  570 million Euros.
• US has about 43 billion
• China has about 26 billion
• Recycling Industry
• India is a major end point for E-Waste
• Alang Ship-breaking port is the biggest in Asia
• India is also the largest used plastic recycling
  market in Asia

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Garbage in India
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Municipal Solid Waste in India

• Districts and states are responsible for their
  own collection and tracking of msw.
• Disparity in the quality of research and service
• Ministries differ from one another. An
  improvement in this recording is continually
  cited as necessary for the overall improvement of
  waste management.
• Garbage leaves the waste stream before being
  collected.

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Municipal Solid Waste in India

• How Much Garbage is Produced in India?
• Over 55 Million Tonnes per (1.5 Lakhs per day)
  Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
• 67.5 million Tonnes per year From Waste to
  Resource

http//www.cpcb.nic.in
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Municipal Solid Waste in India

• Growth Trends
• Correlation between Per Capita Economic Growth
  and Waste Generation
• Indias Waste is Increasing
• Before it was better, but when people started
  using plastic bags they didnt have any value and
  they didnt care where they left itpeople are
  still having the bad habits and the amount of
  garbage overall is increasing
• Correlation between per capita growth and waste
  generation
• 1-1.5 increase (MoUD)

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National Laws

• 1986 Environmental Protection and Amendments
• 1989 Hazardous wastes management and handling
  rules, manufacture storage and import of
  hazardous chemicals rules
• 1992 National environmental tribunal bill
• 1995 The national environment tribunal act
• 1996 Chemical Accidents Rules
• 1998 Bio-medical waste rules
• 1999 Recycled plastic manufactured and usage
  rules
• 1999 Solid waste management in Class-1 cities in
  India - guidelines by supreme court of India
• 2000 Municipal solid waste rules of MSW Rule
  2000, amended in 2003
• 2000 Ozone depleting substances (regulation)
  Rules
• 2001 Batteries (management and handling) rules
• 2002 Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• 2003 Corporate responsibility for environmental
  protection charter (CREP), "which encourages
  companies to go beyond existing regulations,
  undertake reduction of waste production and adopt
  clean technologies.
• 2010 (Under review) E-waste (Management and
  Handling) Rules 2010

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Whats in Your Garbage? National Contents of
Waste

• Most of the waste (50-70) is organic.
• Informal Recycling
• Developing Economy that is consuming less
  packaged foods and disposable goods
• As the countrys GDP increases this is likely to
  change
• Waste in India is wet
• Organic
• Climate
• Collection Practices

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National Contents of Waste
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Challenges to Processing Waste in India
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Challenges to Processing

• Moisture
• Low Calorific Content
• Informal/Formal
• Transportation and Maintenance

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Processing Methods
process Description Requirements Challenges
Incineration and RDF Thermal energy generation Dry/synthetic goods, water Garbage is wet, caloric content too low
Biomethanization Turning organic waste into gas Composting material, Lots of agricultural input Onsite generation, technology
Composting Non-meat food to soil fertilizer Land, trees, sometimes worms Space, market, Public ignorance
Landfill Gather waste together in one controlled location Sanitary Conditions require high-tech engineering Open dumping, Lack of facility and space, overuse
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Pollution Concerns

• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Disposal of ash and other by-products
• Water
• Health, safety, and odor impacts
• Disincentives for waste reduction
• Disincentives for recycling

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Informal Recycling Industry

• Higher Re-Use and recycling rate
• Value of the Garbage increases
• Regulation
• Environment
• Labor

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Collection and DisposalGarbage on the street

• Survey conducted in Bangalore by the Biodiversity
  Conservation India Pvt Ltd found that while 65
  had seen others throwing garbage on the road, 86
  clamed not to have thrown any themselves
• Dropping garbage on the street causes problems
• Cost of collection increases
• Clogged waterways and sewage systems
• Encourages pests and mosquito growth
• Waste decreases in value

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Segregation

• Dont mix wet and dry waste
• Create Sanitary Conditions for Collectors and
  Ragpickers
• Local Infrastructure

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Segregation
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Vejalpur, Ahmedabad

• Land area of 9.53 sq kms, over 113,000 residents
  and 9 slum colonies
• Self-Employed Womens Association
• Shri Karya Siddhi Kargal Kam Mahila Sewa Sahkri
  Mandli - a cooperative of women rag pickers and
  operates across AMC.
• Vishnu Khadi Co-operative Society.
• Vejalpur complies with the MSW rules of 2000 -
  providing a standard set of practices, a good
  level of segregation, accountability and working
  with the local rag-pickers.
• Most functioning systems in India will probably
  end up looking something like this, with a mix of
  decentralized and centralized collection.

Solid Waste Management in India Cities (Ed.
Darshini Mahadevia and Jeanne M. Wolfe) Concept
Publishing Company, 2008 New Delhi. Chapter 9.
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Decentralized Waste Management

• Benefits
• Community Level
• Local Support
• Avoid Inefficiencies of transport and collection
• Basic Technology and Processing
• Smaller impact on environment
• Shortfalls
• Land Requirements
• Employment Changes
• Regulation
• Cost Dumping

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• What Does the Future Hold?

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Contact Information

• Rachel Leven
• Website www.WasteLines.com
• Twitter TheDump