Opening Activity:

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Opening Activity

• What is one way bacteria influences our life?

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• Food poisoning
• Bacterial Infection
• Acne
• Cavities
• Body Odor
• Antibiotics
• Break down food in our digestive system

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Intro To Bacteria
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Basic Bacteria Facts

• Microscopic/unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Most numerous and ancient organisms on Earth.

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• Classification of Bacteria Kingdom
  Archaebacteria
• More ancient than eubacteria
• Peptidoglycan absent in cell walls
• First discovered in extreme environments

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Major Bacteria Phyla Archaebacteria

1. Methanogens? live only in anaerobic conditions
   like swamps and sewage.
2. Halophiles? salt-loving
3. Thermoacidophiles? live in acidic and high temp.
   environments like hot springs and volcanic vents.

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Classifications of Bacteria

• Kingdom Eubacteria
• Germs account for most bacteria
• Can be divided into 12 phyla
• Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
• Shapes of Eubacteria
• 1. bacilli? rod-shaped
• 2. cocci? sphere-shaped
• streptococci?chain
• staphylococci?grape-like clusters
• 3. Spirilla? spiral-shaped

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cocci
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spirilla
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bacillia
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Eubacteria shapes cont.

• streptococci?chain
• staphylococci?grape-like clusters

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Major Bacteria Phyla Eubacteria

1. Cyanobacteria (ex. blue-green
   algae)
2. Spirochetes (ex. T. pallidum causes syphilis)
3. Gram-positive bacteria (ex. Bacteria that
   cause strep change milk to yogurt produce
   antibiotics)
4. Proteobacteria (ex. E. coli
   nitrogen-fixing bacteria)

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Gram Stain

• Laboratory technique used to group Eubacteria
  into two categories.
• Gram-positive eubacteria appear purple because of
  thicker layer of peptidoglycan.
• Gram-negative eubacteria appear pink because of
  thinner layer of peptidoglycan.

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Is this gram stain positive or negative?
Identify the bacteria.
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Is this gram stain positive or negative?
Identify the bacteria.
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Bacteria and Disease

1. Pathology scientific study of disease
2. Pathogens bacteria that cause disease

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C. Famous Bacterial Diseases
Type of Disease Areas Affected Mode of Transmission
Botulism nerves Improper preserved foods
Cholera intestines Contaminated water
Tooth Decay teeth Bacteria in mouth
Gonorrhea Urethra/ fal.tubes Sexual contact
Lyme Disease Skin, joints, heart Tick bite
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Blood, skin Tick bite
Salmonella intestines Contaminated food
Strep throat Respiratory tract Sneezing/coughing
Tetanus nerves Contaminated wounds
Tuberculosis Lungs, bones, etc coughing
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Famous Bacteria Diseases

• Lyme Disease

• Tetanus

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Famous Bacteria Diseases

• Botulism

• Tooth Decay

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Famous Bacteria Diseases

• Gonorhea

• Tuberculosis

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Famous Bacteria Diseases

• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

• Cholera

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D. Ways Bacteria Cause Disease

1. Produce exotoxins (toxins made of protein and
   produced by Gram-positive bacteria).
2. Produce endotoxins (toxins made of carbohydrates
   and lipids and produced by Gram-negative
   bacteria released when bacteria die).
3. Destroy body tissues by secreting digestive
   enzymes.

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Opening Activity

• What is the name for spiral shaped bacteria?
• Cocci
• Bacilli
• Sprilla
• Sphere shaped bacteria

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Antibiotics

1. Drugs that combat bacteria by interfering with
   cellular functions.
2. Because humans overuse antibiotics, bacteria have
   built a resistance to those antibiotics. This is
   done through bacteria reproduction AND genetic
   recombination.

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Common Antibiotics
Antibiotic Mechanism of Action Target Bacteria
Penicillin Inhibits cell-wall synthesis Gram-Positive
Ampicillin Same as above Broad spectrum
Bacitracin Same as above G.P.
Cephalosporin Same as above G. P.
Tetracycline Inhibits protein synthesis Broad Spectrum
Streptomycin Same as above G.N.
Sulfa Drug Inhibits cell metabolism meningitis
Rifampin Inhibits RNA synthesis G.P. AND G.N.
Quinolines Inhibits DNA synthesis Urinary tract
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Useful Bacteria

• Bacteria are used in
• Sewage treatment
• Producing and processing foods
• Industrial chemical production

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Opening Activity

• Toxins that are produced by gram negative
  bacteria and are released when the bacteria die
  are known as
• A. Exotoxins
• B. Endotoxins

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Common Structures/Functions of Bacteria
Structure Function
Cell Wall Protects cell gives it shape
Outer Membrane Only in G.N. protects against antibiotics
Cell Membrane Important in cell respiration
Cytoplasm Contains DNA/ribosomes
Chromosome Carries genetic info. single loop of DNA
Plasmid Carries extra genes from genetic recom.
Capsule and slime layer Protects cell helps attach to other surfaces (glycocalyx)
Endospore Only in G.P. survival in harsh conditions
Pili Helps attach to other surfaces
Flagellum Cell movement
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Feeding in Bacteria
Type Feeding Mechanism
Heterotrophs (Consumer) Living organisms
Saprophytes (Decomposers) Dead and decaying organisms
Photoautotrophs (Producer) Photosynthesis
Chemoautotrophs (Producer) Chemosynthesis
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Bacteria in the Environment
Type Environment
Obligate Anaerobes CANNOT live with oxygen
Facultative Anaerobes Can live WITH or WITHOUT oxygen
Obligate Aerobes CANNOT live without oxygen
Thermophilic Grow best in HIGH temperatures
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Reproduction in Bacteria

1. Use ASEXUAL reproduction by binary fission.
2. NO true sexual reproduction in bacteria
3. Use a nonreproductive method called genetic
   recombination to mix genetic material, obtain NEW
   DNA, and make newer/adapted offspring.

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