AS paper 3

About This Presentation

Title:

AS paper 3

Description:

AS paper 3 Social Influence How do you think it went? Extension task Read the text book section for the next topic Objectives Construct an answer to the GSA that ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:113

Avg rating:3.0/5.0

Slides: 197

Provided by: SDuf

Category:

more less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: AS paper 3

1
AS paper 3 Social Influence
2
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
3
Objectives

Demonstrate understanding of social influence
Describe ways of influencing people

4
When are people influenced?
5
Examples

School
Music
Clothes
Friends
Family
Laws

6
Mind-map

Mind-map on big paper examples of being
influenced by others
No Words!!

7
Lets share our mind-maps
8
Extension Task

Observe and keep a record of all the ways you are
influenced by others before the next lesson

9
Objectives

Demonstrate understanding of social influence
Describe ways of influencing people

10
AS paper 3 Social Influence
11
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
12
Objectives

To state the definitions of social influence and
majority influence/conformity.
To state the explanations of majority influence.
To state the types of majority influence.
To state the factors that influence conformity.

13
Are you Majority or Minority??
14
Our Influences

Lets share how we were influenced

15
Social Influence

The study of how the thoughts, feelings and
behaviour of individuals are influenced by the
actual, imagined or implied presence of others.

16
Fill in the blanks!

Conformity
Social Influence
Belong
Group Pressure
Norms

17
Majority Influence

When people adopt the behaviour, attitude or
values of the majority (dominant or largest
group) after being exposed to their values or
behaviour

18
Explanations of Conformity

Normative Conformity occurs because the
individual wants to fit in and be liked with
other members of the group.
Opinion changes publicly but not privately
Informational Conformity occurs because the
individual wants to be right and relies on
superior knowledge of others
Opinion changes publicly and privately

19
Types of Conformity
Conformity
Compliance
Identification
Internalisation
20
Compliance

Changes your behaviour but not your mind
Opinion changes publicly but not privately
Individual does not necessarily agree with the
majority
Compliance disappears in the absence of group
pressure

21
Identification

Change your behaviour to fit in with the group
Social Roles e.g. Nurses, Football fans
Opinion changes privately but not publicly.
Identification decreases in the absence of group
pressure.

22
Internalisation

Changes your mind and your behaviour
Opinion changes publicly and privately because
the individual already sympathises with opinion
Change is genuine and permanent
Continues even in the absence of group pressure.

23
Factors that influence Conformity

Culture
Individualist Individual is key and is
therefore the culture is non-conformist
Collectivist Emphasise group needs and group
identity and so encourage conformity.

24
Factors that influence Conformity

History
Communism implied the need for conformity
Liberalisation in 1970s onward increased the
sense of individual choice

25
Asch (1956)
26
APFCC

Read the summary of Asch in the activity book
Complete the APFCC in your own words.

27
Describe to your neighbour

Take it in turns
Aims
Procedures
Findings
Conclusions
Criticisms

28
Extension Task

Explain what is meant by the terms majority
influence and social influence (33)
State
Explain
Example

29
Objectives

To state the definitions of social influence and
majority influence/conformity.
To state the explanations of majority influence.
To state the types of majority influence.
To state the factors that influence conformity.

30
AS paper 3 Social Influence
31
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
32
Objectives

To state the definitions of minority influence
To state the explanations of minority influence.
To state the differences between minority and
majority influence

33
Sharing AO1

Can you see
State, Explain, Example x2?
Does it make sense?
Is it accurate?
Give your neighbour a mark out of 6
Tell them one good thing and one thing they could
improve

34
Fill in the blanks!

Group Pressure
Minority Influence
Majority
Conversion
Conform
Privately
Considering

35
Minority Influence

A Majority being influenced to accept the beliefs
or behaviours of a minority.
Usually involves a shift in private opinion
Majority must accept minority is right.

36
Explanations of Minority Influence
Conversion
Consistency
Flexibility
Commitment
Relevance
37
Consistency

Minority must be consistent in their expression
to convince the majority

38
Flexibility

Minority must not be rigid
Must be flexible and willing to compromise
without being inconsistent

39
Commitment

Encouraging people to rethink their position and
their dedication to their original beliefs or
behaviour

40
Relevance

Minority is more likely to be successful if their
position is in line with current trends and
social thinking

41
Social Impact Theory
Strength
Status
Distance
42
Strength

Number of people
Consistency

43
Status and Knowledge

The higher the status, the less people needed for
conversion to occur.
One expert is better than lots of amateurs

44
Distance - takes place immediately

Smaller the physical and psychological distance,
the more influential the message
Phone vs. face-to face
Stranger vs. close friend

45
Differences

Majority
Compliance
Takes place immediately
High need for approval

Minority
Conversion
Takes place over time
Low need for approval

46
Moscovici (1969)
47
APFCC

Read the summary of Moscovici in the activity
book
Complete the APFCC in your own words.

48
Question Time

Choose an AO1 question
You need to try to get six marking points
You have ten minutes to write it!

49
Extension Task

Try to write one of the AO1 questions from your
workbook without using notes!

50
Objectives

To state the definitions of minority influence
To state the explanations of minority influence.
To state the differences between minority and
majority influence

51
AS paper 3 Social Influence
52
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
53
Objectives

To state the definitions of obedience
State the differences between obedience and
conformity

54
What makes good AO1?

Concise
Accurate
6 marking points
Clear Description
State, Explain, Example
Give a mark out of 6
Tell your neighbour 1 good thing and 1 to improve

55
Obedience

Behaving as instructed, usually in response to
individual rather than group pressure
Hierarchy person giving an order is usually
higher in status
Individual feels they have little choice
Unlikely to influence private opinion

56
Explanations of Obedience

Agentic State
You become an agent of the person giving the
order so you are not responsible in the situation
for your actions or the consequences

Authoritarian Personality
A personality type that makes obedience likely
e.g.. Rigid beliefs, hostility to other groups,
intolerance of ambiguity and submissive to those
in authority.

57
Obedience vs. Conformity

Power is the emphasis
An order is clear, direct and overt
Use obedience to explain behaviour (as in agentic
state)

Acceptance is the emphasis
Group norms often unclear and unwritten
Deny conformity as an explanation of conformity
as the person is an individual

58
Milgram (1963)
59
APFCC

Read the summary of Milgram in the activity book
Complete the APFCC in your own words.

60
Task

Create a revision aid to help you learn the
studies for a test next time!

61
Objectives

To state the definitions of obedience
State the differences between obedience and
conformity

62
AS paper 3 Social Influence
63
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
64
Objectives

State the definitions of Experimental and
Ecological validity
Apply these concepts to research
Demonstrate evaluation skills

65
Test!

Aims of Milgram
Procedures of Asch
Findings of Moscovici
Conclusions of Asch
Criticisms of Milgram

66
Experimental Validity

Whether the research has internal and external
validity
Internal
Is the DV due to manipulation of the IV?
External
Are the findings generalisable to other settings
(ecological) or populations and periods of time
(temporal)

67
Ecological Validity

The ability to generalise the findings to other
settings including everyday settings
Are the findings limited to the original research
setting?

68
Example task

Lacks Experimental Realism
Has Ecological Validity
Lacks Experimental Validity
Lacks Mundane Realism
Has Experimental Realism
Has Mundane Realism
Has Ecological Validity

69
FOR
Against
70
Evidence for Experimental Realism

Participants did believe in the set up!
Concern for the learner
Distress at shocks
Desire to leave the experiment

71
Evidence for Experimental Realism

Participants Reactions
Stuttering
Sweating
Trembling
Groaning
3 participants had seizures!

72
Evidence against Experimental Realism

Demand Characteristics
Obedience occurs in all experiments

73
Evidence for Ecological Validity

Milgram in a run down office 48 obedience
Shows findings can be generalised

74
Evidence for Ecological Validity

Cross-cultural studies
Obedience 80 or higher in Germany, Italy,
Holland and Spain!
Lack of standardisation

75
Evidence for Ecological Validity

Further studies
Hofling (1966)
Nazi Germany

76
Evidence against Ecological Validity

Lacks mundane realism nothing like real life!!
Findings may not generalise to the real world

77
Evidence against Ecological Validity

Authority figures tend to be challenged rather
than obeyed and we are less naïve affecting
ecological and temporal validity

78
Evidence against Ecological Validity

Supporting research (Hofling) findings have never
been replicated.

79
Fill in the blanks

Arguments
Validity
Weaknesses
Electric
Experimental Realism
Experimental Validity
Underestimate

Situational
Overestimate
Personality
Holocaust
Generalisability
Ecological Validity

80
Evaluating

Read the article Evaluating Social Influence
Research
Pick out 5 key points
Put them on post-it notes

81
Lets share our key points
82
Extension Task

Learn the following definitions for test
Social Influence
Majority Influence
Minority Influence
Obedience
Experimental Validity
Ecological Validity

83
Objectives

State the definitions of Experimental and
Ecological validity
Apply these concepts to research
Demonstrate evaluation skills

84
AS paper 3 Social Influence
85
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
86
Objectives

Define Resistance, situational factors and
psychological processes
Describe and evaluate methods of resisting
obedience with reference to Milgram

87
Key definitions test

Social influence
Conformity
Minority Influence
Obedience
Experimental Validity
Ecological Validity

88
Resistance to Obedience

The act of defying an order from an authority
figure despite pressures to obey

89
Situational Factors

Changes in the circumstances in which the order
is given.

90
3 situational factors

Location of the experiment 48
Yale -gt Run down Office 20 less obedience

91
3 Situational factors

Orders by telephone 20.5
Resistance is greatly increased when the
experimenter is out of the room
Participants also pretend to give a shock or give
a lower voltage shock.

92
3 situational factors

Disobedient role model 10
Resistance is increased if the participant is
paired with a role model who refuses the order

93
Psychological Processes

Mental processes that cause the participant to
reflect on the nature of their obedience

94
3 psychological processes

Voice feedback 62
Person receiving shocks thumps on the wall and
complains of a heart condition very slight drop
in obedience

95
3 psychological processes

Proximity 40
When the person receiving the shocks is within
sight of the person giving the shocks there is a
drop in obedience

96
3 psychological processes

Touch proximity 30
People giving the shocks had to force the hand of
the person receiving the shocks onto the
shockplate

97
Other Reasons for Resistance

Increased responsibility
Lack of Agentic state
Feeling forced to conform

98
Planning an Essay

On A3 paper you are going to mind map the answer
to the following question
To what extent can the validity of obedience
research be defended against criticisms

99
What to include

AO1 Description of Milgram study, Brief
description of Hofling study, definitions of
experimental and ecological validity
AO2 Evidence for and against experimental and
ecological validity in Milgram and Hofling
research, Factors describing resistance to
obedience and how that affects validity

100
Lets share our mind maps
101
Extension Task

Write the essay you have mind-mapped
Bring it to next lesson

102
Objectives

Define Resistance, situational factors and
personality
Describe and evaluate methods of resisting
obedience with reference to Milgram

103
Multi-choice test!

Answer all the questions!
See how many you get right
Repeat at the end of ethics to see if you have
improved

104
AS paper 3 Social Influence
105
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
106
Objectives

Define ethical issues and ethical guidelines
State some ethical issues
State some ways of dealing with ethical issues

107
Ethics in the Lavatory

Read the article p24

108
Ethical Issues

Anything that may adversely affect a participant
in a research study.
Includes deception, consent and protection from
harm

109
Ethical Guidelines

A code of conduct set out by the British
Psychological Society which states how
participants should be treated to maximise their
wellbeing

110
Deception

Ethical Issues What examples can you think of
in the research where the participants were not
told the truth?

Ethical guidelines Participants should not be
deceived.
If it is necessary to deceive the participants
this must be resolved by giving a debrief at the
end of the experiment saying what the deception
was.

111
Consent

Ethical Issues
How did the researchers get consent?

Ethical Guidelines Participants must give full
and informed consent including parental consent
from under-16s.
If consent cannot be gained then this must be
resolved by the use of debrief and asking if the
participants want to withdraw data.

112
Protection from harm

Ethical Issues
How did the researchers expose their participants
to harm?
How did they protect them from harm?

Ethical Guidelines
Participants should not be made to suffer any
form of psychological harm including mental
distress.
This must be resolved by debrief and the offer of
further psychological help

113
The prison simulation experiment

Read the article, p7

114
Zimbardo

Zimbardo on the blog www.ashlawnpsych.wordpress.c
om

115
Extension Task

Log onto the blog www.ashlawnpsych.wordpress.com
Follow the sections on Zimbardos website.
Post a comment!

116
Objectives

Define ethical issues and ethical guidelines
State some ethical issues
State some ways of dealing with ethical issues

117
AS paper 3 Social Influence
118
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
119
Objectives

Explain whether the ends justify the means in
Asch, Zimbardo and Milgram studies

120
Ethics

Which guideline?

121
Asch (1951, 1956)

For
Important insights into social behaviour, may
encourage people to challenge group norms.
Participants admired the experiment BUT social
desirability may have been a problem
Participants were debriefed and distress was
thought to be only temporary

122
Asch (1951, 1956)

Against
Loss of self esteem may have been hidden and not
seen in the debrief
Lacks mundane realism and ecological validity
Protection from harm though likely to be only
temporary, confidentiality as videotapes were made

123
Zimbardo (1973)

For
Greater understanding of social roles, study had
mundane realism and ecological validity
Participants reported that they had learned
things about themselves but social desirability
may be a problem
Day-long debrief to counteract the distress

124
Zimbardo (1973)

Against
Lack of informed consent, serious psychological
harm
Savin (1973) mock prison was hell
Permanent distress, confidentiality as videotapes
were made

125
Milgram (1963)

Important insights into social behaviour and
obedience
84 of participants were glad to have taken
part and said there should be more studies like
it BUT social desirability
Full debrief, psychiatric exam after 1 year
indicated no long term effects

126
Milgram (1963)

Against
Protection from harm was seriously breached
Baumrind (1963) Milgram violated the human
rights of his participants
Permanent distress, confidentiality as videotapes
were made

127
Fill in the blanks

Moral
Social contribution
Ethical
Ends
Means
Cost-Benefit

Decision
Bias
Quantifying
Outcome
Outset

128
Ethics in social influence research

Read the article and pick out 5 key points!
Be ready to share!

129
Lets share our key points
130
Outline two ethical issues that have arisen in
social influence research. (33)

STATE, EXPLAIN, EXAMPLE
1st person write state for Protection from harm,
fold over and pass left.
2nd person write explain and pass left
3rd person write example and pass left
4th person write state for Confidentiality
5th person write explain
6th person write example
7th person assess

131
Extension Task

Describe deception
Describe research that violates this the ethical
guideline
Add other AO2 to the studies including the other
ethical issues, validity and differences

132
Objectives

Explain whether the ends justify the means in
Asch, Zimbardo and Milgram studies

133
AS paper 3 Social Influence
134
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
135
Objectives

State how to resolve ethical issues with a
variety of methods

136
Definitions

Try to write a definition of ethical issues and
ethical guidelines

137
Ethical Issues

Anything that may adversely affect a participant
in a research study.
Includes deception, consent and protection from
harm

138
Ethical Guidelines

A code of conduct set out by the British
Psychological Society which states how
participants should be treated to maximise their
wellbeing

139
Effectiveness of Ethical guidelines and ethical
committees

Debrief
Used to resolve deception and harm
Participants should leave in the same state of
mind that they entered in
Will not deal with high levels of distress

140
Clear standards?

Clear restrictions are set out
However, they are open to individual researcher
opinion

141
Limitations imposed

Charter status is a professional award by the BPS
Attempt to control researchers in the public
sector
Psychologists with chartered status MUST comply
with the ethical guidelines

142
Lack Legislative power

Ethical guidelines are not enforceable by law
Detection of breach of ethical guidelines is
difficult

143
Penalties

Being barred from the BPS
Not a real deterrent!

144
Universal truth?

Different cultures have different ethical codes
Introduced at different time, eg. USA (1953) UK
(1978)
Lack of consistency

145
Managerial rather than social

Focus on how research should be conducted not on
whether the research should be conducted
Wider social implications are not considered

146
Bias

Decision on ethics is often left to the
individual researcher
Ethical committees often have a stake in the
research
Lack of standardisation

147
Cost-benefit Analysis

Means
Harm to the participants must be balanced against
the ends the potentially valuable results

Ends
Value of research to society must be balanced
against harm to the participant

148
Evaluation

Outcomes of research are not always clear
Milgram predicted 1 would go to 450 volts!
Cost-Benefits are not objective so difficult to
decide
Judgements can be biased as researcher wants to
carry out the research so may downplay the costs
to participants
Cost-benefit is more of a moral dilemma than an
ethical one

149
Fill in the blanks