Pakistan

1
Pakistan

• There is no god but GOD
• The Story of Islams Rise in South Asia

2
Indus River Valley Home to one of the earliest
civilizations

• Taxila illustrates the different stages in
  the development of a city on the Indus,
  alternately influenced by Persia, Greece and
  Central Asia and which, from the 5th century B.C.
  to the 2nd century A.D., was an important
  Buddhist centre of learning.

3
Before the Turks

• In 711 C.E., the powerful Muslim governor of Iraq
  wished to gain greater control over shipping
  lanes in the Indian Ocean. He mounted an invasion
  of South Asia, and the Sind province in modern
  Pakistan became the first Muslim province in
  India. For 200 years, it was the only Muslim
  province in the region.

4
Moghul Empire15261707

• Barbur, a direct descendent of Timur, a Mongol
  war lord who had left India 150 prior, was a
  military genius. When he invaded India in 1525,
  he wound up founding the Moghul Empire. The
  Moghul Empire became the peak of Muslim
  civilization in India. By the time he died in
  1530, Babur had established his power. His
  grandson, Akbar, consolidated the Mongols power
  over Northern India and built the Taj Mahal (one
  of the wonders of the world) as a memorial to his
  late Hindu wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

5
European Colonialism

• Under the influence of colonial rule, South Asia
  adopted western-inspired legal codes and
  displaced Islamic Law producing a anglo-muhammad
  law

6
Colonial Era Gives First Impetus to a Pakistani
State

• The Aligarh Movement (Two Nations Theory)
  began in 1857 after the failure of a series of
  revolts headed by South Asians against British
  rule. Under the leadership of Sir Sayyid Ahmad
  Khan, the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
  (Aligarh Muslim University) was established and
  provided the training for the next generation of
  Muslim leadership.

7
Legacy of Aligarh Muslim University

• Sir Syed clearly foresaw the imperative need for
  the Muslims to acquire proficiency in the English
  language and "Western Sciences" if the Muslim
  community were to maintain its social and
  political clout, particularly in Northern India.
• His objective was to build a college in tune
  with the British education system but without
  compromising its Islamic values.
• Algarh Muslim University was the first
  residential educational institution that was
  established by public or government in India. It
  produced Muslims who became active in the
  political system of the British Raj.

8
Indic Islam

• South Asia has always been home to a diverse
  group of people. The Islamic voice has never been
  one rather, it has many understandings but
  always one community (Iqbal). The following
  movements were prominent in the nineteenth
  century
• 1. Fundamentalist led by Shah Wali Allah
  (Delphi), and Sayyid Ahmad Shahid (Bareilly)
• 2. Religious Revivalist led by Maulana
  Muhammad Ilyas, Jamaati Islami, Maulana Ashraf
  Ali Thanvi.
• 3. Nationalist-Traditionalist led by Sir
  Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Syed Ameer Ali, Muhammad
  Iqbal.

9
Muslim League (1906)

• Founded by the Aga Khan III in 1906, it was an
  all Indian Muslim association determined to
  safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims. Muhammad
  Iqbal (spiritual father of Pakistan) was one of
  its leaders and advocated a separate Indian
  Muslim state (1930). In 1940 Muhammad Ali Jinnah
  (father of Pakistan) demanded a Muslim state
  against the protest of the Indian National
  Congress. The League was able to unite the Indian
  Muslims and won the right to form Pakistan
  (There is no god but GOD). The League fractured
  into a number of political parties in 1953,
  reconstituted itself but was never successful
  after the 1970 elections.

10
Pakistan Established in 1947

• Only Muslim nation established in the name of
  Islam. A major problem arose immediately namely,
  what would be the role of Islam in politics and
  state? A fierce ideological divide arose with the
  traditionalists and fundamentalists (ulama,
  Jamaati Islami) pitted against the modernists and
  professionals (Iqbal, Jinnah). The ulama wanted
  an Islamic constitution, introduction of shariah
  law and restoration of socio-religious
  institutions created during the medieval era.
  Jinnah wanted an Islamic state but one where
  Islam is a faith, religious, moral system whose
  cardinal beliefs are practiced by Muslims. Islam
  as a political ideology would establish separate
  communities where Muslims could create their own
  Islamic set of values consistent with the Quran.

11
Conflict Produces Compromise

• Working with the Jamaati Islami, Pakistans
  first Prime Minister Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan
  agrees to the passage of the Objectives
  Resolution (1949). The National Assembly, not the
  ulama, would decide if any law was repugnant to
  the Quran and shariah. Pakistans leadership held
  the formal power, but the ulamas were supported
  by the masses. This led to years of conflict that
  sometimes escalated into civil strife and
  violence.

12
Conflict with India leads to Civil War (1971)

• The elections of 1970 brought a surprising
  victory by the East Pakistans Awami Party gave
  them a majority of seats in the Pakistani
  Assembly which entitled them to form the
  government. However, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali
  Bhutto refused to give the premiership to the
  Awami Party leader, Sheikh Mujib. Instead, the
  Awami Party was outlawed and its leaders put in
  jail. This action caused a great migration of
  East Pakistanis into India. Finally, in the fall
  of 1971, the Indian army attacked Pakistani
  troops and defeated the military in two weeks. In
  the end, a new country had emerged, Bangladesh,
  and the Pakistani military had been soundly
  defeated. The aftermath was a time of soul
  searching which gave impetus to a revivalists
  movement that continues to challenge Pakistan
  today.

13
Orthodox Islam is a Significant Cultural Tradition

• Orthodox Islam in Pakistan is represented by the
  Sunni Ulama. They have three schools that support
  their views 1.) Deobandi, 2.) Barelwi
  (Surfi-oriented), 3.) Wahhabi school of Ahl-I
  hadith (extreme right-wing). The ulama control a
  large network of mosques in cities and towns (not
  state supported). They also have thousands of
  madrasahs that are influencing the next
  generation of Pakistans religious and political
  leadership. The state cannot control these
  institutions because they are privately funded.
  However, there have been recent dialogues between
  the ulama and the modern educated elite. This
  sharing of intellectual space and common language
  holds promise for Pakistans future development
  as a modern nation.

14
Cultural Diversity

• 97 of Pakistanis are Muslim. There are 10-15
  Shiis and 85-90 are Sunnis. A majority of the
  Shiis belong to the Ashari (Twelver) school while
  a minority subscribe to the Ismailis school. The
  Sunnis primary school is the Hanafi school of
  law and a minority belong to the Hanbali school.
• The balance 3 are either Hindu, Christian, or
  Parsees.
• The two schools of thought which impact the
  nations ideological character continue to divide
  rather than unify. The one school claims that
  Pakistan was created in the name of Islam and be
  govern by Islamic law, while the other school
  believes that Pakistan was created as a safeguard
  for South Asian political, economic interests. It
  was not intended to be a theological state.

15
Pakistan Living Islam in a Social Context

• Muhammad Iqbal Islam is more than a creed, it
  is a community, nation, locus in which mankind
  attains individuality. Mohammad founded a society
  based on freedom, equality and brotherhood
  (Esposito 182) Iqbal uses the word tawid (unity
  of God) to emphasize the supremacy of Gods law
  and absolute equality of Islams society. How
  true can the Pakistani people be to those
  principles will determine how influential it will
  become in the modern world.