Primary metabolite versus Secondary metabolite: Distribution Pharmacological action

1

• Side effect
• -dependence
• -Photosensitivity
• -Electrolyte imbalance( hypertension and
  hypokalemia)
• Colonic atony.
• Colonic melanoma.
• Contraindication
• Pregnancy
• Breast feeding women.
• Children under the age of 12 years old.
• Drug interaction
• Other laxative.
• Cardiac glycoside.
• Diuretic steroid.
• Antibiotics.

2
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Stomach
partial hydrolysis for O-glycoside. (so large
bulk dose is used) Small intestine Absorption
for non-polar smaller Mwt. Aglycon. Colon Activa
tion by normal flora for both O- and C- glycoside
3
Physicochemical properties , -Combined form
are soluble in aqueous alcohol and chlorinated
solvent. -Free aglycone is soluble in chlorinated
solvent and alcohols. -Detection for free
anthraquinone is done using borntragers
test. -Detection for combined anthraquinone and
dimmer is done using modified borntragers test
which uses -acid and heat to free
O-glycoside. -Acid, heat and oxidizing agent to
oxidatively cleave C- glycosides. -Heat and
oxidizing agent to oxidatively cleave C-
glycosides -Quantitation done on the principle
of borntragers test, usually using Mg acetate.
4
Natural source for anthraquinone
glycosides Senna -Botanical source Leaveas
and legumes of Cassia acutifolia
fam. Fabaceae Cassia angustifolia -Chemical
structure -Pharmacological activity
5
(No Transcript)
6
-Aloin A -A in ß-configuration. -B in
a-configuration
Aloinoside A and B -A in ß-configuration. -B in
a-configuration.
7

• Aloinoside A and B
• -monoanthrone Bidesmoside, O-glycosides at C-11
  and C- glycoside at C-10.
• -C-10 chiral centre where C- linkage of r
  Glucose unit.
• Rhamnose is the sugar part in ß- position at
  C-11.
• -Both are enantiomer (mirror image isomer).
• -Aloin A is enantiomer for Aloin B, it has no
  sugar at C-11, but has CH2OH, so it is
  monodesmoside.

8
Rhubarb -Botanical source Root of Rheum
palmatum plygonaceae. -Chemical structure
-Pharmacological activity Used as laxative and
to treat ulceration of oral mucosa.
9
Flavonoid -Classification based on 1-
Degree of oxidation. 2- Position of Phenolic
group 3-Degree of unsaturation.
10
(No Transcript)