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The Epidemiology of Patient Safety and Medical Error

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Title: The Epidemiology of Patient Safety and Medical Error


1
The Epidemiology of Patient Safety and Medical
Error
  • WVU Department of Family Medicine
  • RCB HSC-Eastern Division
  • Konrad C. Nau, MD

2
(No Transcript)
3
Man's heart stops after Bettis fumble
Pittsburgh Tribune
4
Man goes into cardiac arrest at Cupka's bar, in
the South Side
5
Man's heart stops after Bettis fumble
Pittsburgh Tribune
6
Man's heart stops after Bettis fumble
Pittsburgh Tribune
7
I made a mistake. Its my job to protect the
ball Jerome Bettis
8
Why all this fuss about Patient Safety ?
                                                                                                               
               
9
Prevalence
  • Average of 1.7 mistakes per patient per day in
    ICU (out of 200 patient-care activities)
  • 1 failure rate is too high to be tolerated
  • At 99.9, there would be two unsafe plane
    landings at OHare airport each day, U.S.
    post-office would lose 16,000 pieces of mail, and
    32,000 bank checks would be deducted from wrong
    accounts every hour
  • From Lucien Leape

10
Aviation Model Error Happens
11
Aviation Model Error Happens
  • 1903 First Powered Flight
  • 1908 First Pilot dies
  • 1910 First mid-air collision
  • 1918 31 of first 40 US Air Mail pilots die in
    crashes
  • 1994 4 crashes/10,000,000 takeoffs

12
Patient Safety
  • The avoidance, prevention and amelioration of
    adverse outcomes or injuries stemming from the
    processes of health care.
  • These events include "errors," "deviations," and
    "accidents."
  • Safety emerges from the interaction of the
    components of the system it does not reside in a
    person, device or department.
  • (Cooper, et al)

13
Patient Safety
  • Freedom from accidental injury
  • establishment of operational systems and
    processes that
  • minimize the likelihood of errors
  • maximize the likelihood of intercepting them when
    they occur.
  • (Kohn)

14
Patient Safety
  • actions undertaken by
  • individuals
  • organizations
  • to protect health care recipients from being
    harmed by the effects of health care services.
  • (Spath)

15
Patient Safety Vocabulary
  • Adverse Event
  • Injury the results from medical care
  • Preventable Adverse Event
  • Error, could/should not have happened
  • Non-Preventable Adverse Event
  • Could not have been predicted or foreseen
  • Potential Adverse Event
  • Near miss or close call
  • No harm doneerror intercepted

16
Patient Safety Vocabulary
  • Error
  • the failure of a planned action to be completed
    as intended
  • the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim.

17
Medical Error
Medical Errors
Any error in the health care delivery process
18
Adverse Event
AE
Injury that results from medical care, not a
part of the natural disease process
19
Adverse Events
Non-preventable Adverse Events
Medical Errors
AE
Preventable Adverse Events
20
Near Miss
Near Miss- Potential Medical Error Intercepted
error
Medical Errors
Near Miss
21
Medical Errors Adverse Events
Non-preventable
Medical Errors
AE
Near Miss
Preventable AE
Serious Medical Errors
22
A Generic Model of Safety
Defenses can be hardware (e.g., monitors), people
(e.g., nurses) or administrative (e.g.,
acceptable protocols)
(From Managing the Risks of Organizational
Accidents, Reason, 1997)
23
A Near Miss
Usually several defenses must fail to cause an
accident Just one remaining intact is enough to
prevent a near-miss becoming an accident
24
A Harmful Event
What is the cause? The hazard? Failure of which
defense? This is the problem with assigning
single causesBlame/cause often is assigned to
the last barrier usually a person to fail!!
25
Observed Path to Schedule and Complete a Doctors
Appointment
26
Quality and Error
27
UHA
  • STATEMENT OF VALUES
  • We will provide high-quality service and
    responsiveness to our patients and to each other
    that exceed expectations

28
To Err is Human
  • Process
  • People

29
To Err is Human
  • Process 85
  • People..15

30
Errors are Treasures
  • Every process is perfectly designed to achieve
    exactly the results it gets.
  • As long as we keep on doing what we keep on
    doing, well keep on getting what weve got .

31
The Swiss Cheese Model of Safety
Layers of Protection
Some holes due to active failures
Hazards
Other holes due to latent conditions
Adverse Event
32
When all the holes lined up
Elevated PT INR
Lab tech
Result to office nurse
Physician interprets
Patient Falls Cerebral Hemorrhage
Patient contacted
33

Errors
  • Most organizational errors are made by
    well-intentioned human beingsmost highly
    educated, well trained, well intentioned human
    beingswho become accustomed to small glitches,
    routine foul-ups, and a culture that suppresses
    doing much about them in the name of an
    overriding goal.
  • James Reason Internal Bleeding

34
Latent Errors
  • Latent errors process or system failures
  • Pose the greatest threat to safety in a complex
    system because
  • Lead to operator errors.
  • They are failures built into the system and
    present long before the active error.
  • Latent errors are difficult for the people
    working in the system to see since they may be
    hidden in computers or layers of management
  • people become accustomed to working around the
    problem

35
Six Changes That Save Hospital Patient Lives
  • Deployment of Rapid Response Teamsat the first
    sign of patient decline
  • Delivery of Reliable, Evidence-Based Care for
    Acute Myocardial Infarctionto prevent deaths
    from heart attack
  • Prevention of Adverse Drug Events (ADEs)by
    implementing medication reconciliation
  • Prevention of Central Line Infectionsby
    implementing a series of interdependent,
    scientifically grounded steps called the Central
    Line Bundle
  • Prevention of Surgical Site Infectionsby
    reliably delivering the correct perioperative
    antibiotics at the proper time
  • Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumoniaby
    implementing a series of interdependent,
    scientifically grounded steps called the
    Ventilator Bundle

36
Ambulatory Care is different
  • Care is brief and episodic from the providers
    point of view
  • Patients and clinicians have many degrees of
    freedom
  • Feedback loops are long
  • Adverse Events are often not directly seen or
    even reported

37
Learning from Different Lenses Reports of
Medical Errors in Primary Care by Clinicians,
Staff and Patients
Robert Phillips John Hickner Deborah
Graham Susan Dovey Nancy Elder A Project of
the AAFP National Research Network Presented at
the 33rd NAPCRG Annual Meeting October 15-18,
2005 Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
38
Context
  • Primary Care
  • ½ a billion office visits annually
  • the medical home for most Americans
  • Malpractice claims burden of serious harms and
    death from medical errors is substantial
  • Most studies of errors reported by physicians
    important but limited lens

39
Setting
  • 10 family physician offices
  • 5 private practices
  • 5 residency clinics
  • American Academy of Family Physician (AAFP)
    National Research Network
  • mix of rural, urban, and suburban, private and
    community practices

40
Asked to Report
  • That should not have happened and that you dont
    want to happen again
  • Small or large, administrative or clinical
  • Could be events or processes that didnt happen
    but should have happened

41
Results
  • 401 physicians and staff signed a consent form
    and/or participated in site training (86 of
    eligible)
  • Clinic physicians, NPs/PAs, residents, and staff
    reported 726 events, 717 with errors
  • Staff 384 (53)
  • physicians 278 (38)
  • residents 46 (6)
  • NPs and PAs 18 (3)
  • 935 total errors

42
Top Ten Errors (AAFP NRN)
43
Error Consequences (AAFP NRN)
44
Error Consequences (AAFP NRN)
45
Patient reports (AAFP NRN)
  • 6 reports of extended waiting
  • 2 reports of mistaken identity
  • 1 report each
  • unnecessary blood-draw
  • Prescriptions
  • poor vaccination documentation
  • unnecessary emergency room visits (unable to
    reach PCP)
  • inability to get laboratory tests due to lack of
    insurance
  • inappropriate comments by clinicians
  • clinician-induced fear (patient left without
    treatment)
  • credit card theft

46
Clinician and Staff reports (AAFP NRN)
  • 96 were process errors
  • Clinicians were significantly more likely to
    report
  • errors related to medications, laboratory
    investigations, and diagnostic imaging
  • Staff were significantly more likely to report
  • communication with patients and appointments.

47
Multiple errors
  • Multiple errors
  • 4 reports contained four errors
  • 33 reports contained three errors
  • 183 cases two errors
  • 93 cascades
  • Chart completeness and availability medications
    appointments laboratory patient flow and
    filing systems.

48
Consequences harms
  • 706 reports had consequences or harms
  • No patient died
  • 3 patients required urgent care, were admitted to
    a hospital, or had to visit the emergency room
  • 4 patients suffered pain or injury
  • 10 patients health condition worsened
  • Most placed the patient at heightened risk of
    harm (49), or made the patients, their families
    or their health clinicians upset (33).

49
Seriousness
  • Complex patients more likely very/extremely
    serious harm (31 vs. 20, p0.013)
  • No difference in risk for patients with chronic
    conditions (29 vs. 21, p0.086)
  • No differences for patients familiar vs.
    unfamiliar

50
AAFP NRN Discussion
  • Chaotic busy days, healthcare team communication
    failures, and breakdowns in protocols or
    guidelines often leave patients vulnerable
  • Complex patients should raise concern of
    serious harms
  • Reporters have difficulty divorcing systematic
    errors from blame

51
AAFP NRN Discussion
  • Multiple errors and error-cascades are common
  • Patients either dont see errors often, wont
    report them understanding errors from their
    perspective will require another approach

52
The Improving Medication Prescribing (IMP) Study
  • Patient survey of primary care practices
    associated with a Boston teaching hospital
  • Gandhi,TK. NEJM April 2004

53
Adverse Drug Events reported in 25 of ambulatory
patients (IMP)
54
Ameliorable Adverse Drug Events (IMP)
55
IMP Prescription Review
  • 1879 prescriptions reviewed
  • Medication errors 143 8
  • Potential ADE 62 3
  • Life threatening 1 2
  • Serious 15 24
  • Significant 46 74

56
Follow-up of Ambulatory Diagnostic Tests
  • Tejal Ghandi, MD,MPH
  • Eric Poon, MD,MPH
  • Patient Safety
  • Brigham and Womens Hospital

57
Physician management of ambulatory test results
  • Typical full-time primary care physician
  • in ONE WEEK
  • 820 lab results
  • 40 diagnostic images
  • 12 pathology reports
  • Spends 72 minutes/day managing results
  • 57 are NOT SATISFIED with the way they manage
    test results

58
Physician management of ambulatory test results
  • 75 of physicians did not notify patients of
    normal results
  • 33 of physicians did not notify patients of
    abnormal results
  • 33 of women with abnormal mamograms or PAP
    smears do not receive appropriate follow-up care

59
Physician management of ambulatory test results
  • Question How many times in the past 2 months
    have you reviewed test results you wish you had
    reviewed earlier ?

60
Five Steps to Safer Health Care
  • 1. Ask questions if you have doubts or concerns.
  • 2. Keep and bring a list of ALL the medicines you
    take.
  • 3. Get the results of any test or procedure.
  • 4. Talk to your doctor about which hospital is
    best for your health needs..
  • 5. Make sure you understand what will happen if
    you need surgery.

61
SUMMARY
  • Medical error and near-misses occur both in
    hospital and ambulatory settings
  • Medical error is typically the result of process
    problems
  • Patient Safety is the foundation for Quality
    Medical Care
  • For a clinic to be dedicated to QUALITY , we must
    all be dedicated to Patient Safety
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