Climate change and coastal zone

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Climate change and coastal zone

• Lesson 5
• Venice
• 19/05/2009

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Outline

• Integrated Coastal Zone Management
• Methods
• Techniques

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Major coastal management and planning techniques

• Administrative coastal management and planning
  techniques
• Social coastal management and planning techniques
• Technical approaches to coastal planning and
  management

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Administrative coastal management and planning
techniques(1)

• Policy
• Legislation
• Guilines
• Zoning

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Policy

• Policy is a social process of authoritative
  decision-making by which members of a community
  clarify and secure their common interests
  (Lasswell and McDougal, 1992)
• Policy is about guiding decisions, specifically
  about decisions regarding choices between
  alternative course of action (Colebath 1993)

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Policies for CM (1)

• Public policy, that is the policies of government
  agencies and their staff
• Non-public policy, referred to the policies of
  all organisations not part of the public sector,
  e.g. business, NGO, community groups

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Policies for CM (2)

• Expressed policies are written or oral statements
  that procide decision makers with information
  that helps them choose among alternatives
• Implied policies are not directly voiced or
  written, they lie within the established pattern
  of decisions

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Advantages Disadvantages
Provide flexible decision-making Open to decision-making bias
Can be quick Decision-making may be inconsistent
Can be used to test future expressed policy Not discussed with the broader community
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Legislation

• Legislation or law is defined through a
  parliamentary or legislative process and the
  outcome is often expressed as an Act or Law and
  associated regulations
• US Coastal Management Act, 1972
• It has a number of functions in coastal planning
  and management, especially in translating
  concepts to plans and management actions

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Guidelines

• Guidelines is a group of documents which are less
  prescriptive and/or forceful than formal
  legislation, policies or regulations, but
  neverthless guide the actions of decision-making

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Zoning (1)

• Zoning is of the simplest and most commonly used
  tools in coastal planning and management.
• It is based on the concept of spatially
  separating and controlling incompatible uses
• It grew from the nuisance crises in urban
  management in newly industrialised cities in
  Europe and North America

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Zoning (2)

• It manages an area (land or marine) using
  management prescriptions which apply to spatially
  defined zones. Activities can be managed by
  either specifying which are
• Allowed, or allowed with permission and if an
  activity is not specified it is assumed not
  allowed unless permission is given or
• Prohibited, or allowed with permission, and if an
  activity is not specified it assumed to be allowed

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A ZONE

• Given its naturality and importance, this area is
  entirely preserved. No activity can be freely
  practiced here, not even bathing is allowed.
  However, study and research activities are
  allowed. Despite it represents a very small
  percentage of the area, it has a very important
  repopulation function.

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ZONE B

• In this area the navigation parallely to the
  coast is not allowed, while bathing, fishing with
  line from the coast, underwater exploration,
  navigation, and docking in the areas indicated by
  the Park Authority are allowed.

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ZONE C

• It consists of the residual stretch of sea within
  the perimeter of the marine protected area. It is
  the largest part of the reserve, where sport and
  professional fishing (excluding trawling),
  nautical activities are allowed within the limits
  and according to the authorizations released by
  the Park Authority.

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Administrative coastal management and planning
techniques(2)

• Regulations, permits, and licences
• Enforcement

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Regulations, permits, and licences

• Regulations, permits (in conjuction with zoning),
  and licences commonly provide implementation
  mechanisms by specifying what actions are
  acceptable under the Act, and the panalties for
  breaching it.
• Because they are easier to amend than an Act,
  they provide flexible mechanism for managing the
  coast

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Enforcement

• It is a management tool used to effect complience
  with Acts, regulations, permits, licences,
  policies or plans with a legislative basis
• Enforcement is a management activity that is
  highly visible, and generally outcomes are
  achieved in a relatively short time

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Social coastal management and planning techniques

• Customary practices
• Collaborative and commmunity-based management
• Capacity building
• Research data and management

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Customary (traditional) practices (1)

• Cultural factors play a central, if not the
  central, role in the successful management of
  coastal areas
• Cultural norms of a coastal nation will shape the
  boundaries of a coastal program, often long
  before notions of the exact details of program
  design have been considered

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Customary (traditional) practices (2)

• Using traditional knowledge is a specific
  activity
• Relevant experts, such as sociologist and
  anthropologist trained in culturally appropriate
  communication techniques, should ideally be used

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Customary (traditional) practices (3)

• Knowledge of the biophysical environment
• Traditional understanding of elements of the
  coastal environment of direct use to local
  populations (e.g. local oceanographic factors)
• Various management practices
• Traditional fishing

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How can traditional knowledge, practice and
beliefs be integrated into some form of
structured coastal management program?
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Collaborative and commmunity-based management (1)

• Collaborative and community based management are
  powerful tools which have the potential to help
  address coastal problems
• They can also assist in integrating environmental
  and resource management activities into peoples
  everyday lives

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Collaborative and commmunity-based management (2)

• Collaborative management involves all shs in the
  management of the resources, the aim is to
  achieve mutual agreement among the majority of
  shson the available options (well developed in
  fishery)
• Community-based uses a holistic approahc to
  management by incorporating environmental,
  socio-economic and cultural considerations in
  decision-making

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Characteristics Co-management Community-based mngt
Initiative Decentral Local
Organisation Formal Informal
Leadership Participant Mutual adjustment
Control Decentral Decentral
Autonomy Some Yes
Participant Yes Yes
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How to develop them?

• A process apprach managers abd shs agree on an
  overall objective, and then develop ideas and
  activities step-by-step
• Participation all participants have some form of
  power in all phases of planning and management
• Conservation and sustainable use developed in
  partnership with all sectors of the community so
  that sustainable use programs are
  socioecnomically acceptable

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• Linkages between local management prescriptions,
  and regional or national level policies and
  strategies
• Incentive packages an integral part of any
  community-based management program, shs must
  perceive som benefit from participating in the
  planning and management of an area

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Capacity building

• It is a term used to describe initiatives which
  aim to increase the capability of those charged
  with managing the coast to make sound planning
  and management decisions (Crawford et al., 1993)

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Capacity building group Example tools
Human capacity Education Training Professional development
Institutional capacity Education Training
Communication Marketing Education Training Information dissemination Database managemetn
Research Data collection and analysis Database management Results dissemination
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Technical approaches to coastal planning and
management

• Enviromental impact assessment (EIA)
• Strategic environmental assessment (SEA)
• Risk and hazard assessment and management
• Landscape and visual resource analysis
• Economic analysis

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Enviromental impact assessment (EIA)

• EIA is a process by which the impacts of a
  proposal are identified early on in the
  decision-making process, so that these
  considerations are taken into account in the
  design and approval of the proposal

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Integrating EIA with planning

• EIA can be used as method for looking at the
  impacts of planning and plans on the environment
• Identification of hte problem
• Defining goals and objectives in planning
  corresponds to the processes which assist
  analysing the potential impacts of goals and
  objectives
• Identifying opportunities and constraints in
  planning is similar to analysing the current
  environment and predicting the effects of
  planning actions
• Defining alternatives is similar
• Making a choice is similar

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Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

• SEA can be considered as an EIA for programs,
  plans, and policies, but can also be considered
  as a planning tool
• Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a
  system of incorporating environmental
  considerations into policies, plans and
  programmes. It is sometimes referred to as
  Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment.

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SEA as a tool for ICZM

• Integration of ICZM objectives into Integration
  of ICZM objectives into Spatial planning (Spatial
  planning (upstreamingupstreaming)
• SectoralSectoralplanning in tandem with SEA
  planning in tandem with SEA would improve
  integration would improve integration
  (mainstreaming) into sectors(mainstreaming) into
  sectors
• Evaluation of options/alternatives at an
  Evaluation of options/alternatives at an early
  stage ofearly stage ofsectoralsectoralplanning
  would planning would reduce future conflicts
  reduce future conflicts
• Involvement of local stakeholders Involvement of
  local stakeholders builds ownership, support and
  builds ownership, support and commitmentcommitment
  

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Tools for identification and assessment of issues

• Situational analysis
• State of the Environment Reporting
• Inputs from stakeholder interaction
• Analysis of existing PPPs
• GIS - based Suitability Analysis
• Sensitivity maps

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Economic analysis

• A number of general tools are available for
  economic analysis of coastal management issues,
  ranging from relatively simple studies of the
  most effective cost-effective means of achieving
  a clearly defined cgoals, to analysing regional
  costs, and benefits

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Turner, 2003