Fatty Acid Spiral

1
Fatty Acid Spiral

• Two carbons at a time are cleaved from a fatty
  acyl-CoA as acetyl-CoA.
• This cleavage continues until the entire fatty
  acid has been converted into acetyl-CoA.

2
Amino Acid Catabolism
3
Transamination and Oxidative Deamination

• Amino acids from food are de-aminated via
  transamination. The carbon skeleton that remains
  can be used from anabolism or catabolism. The
  amine group can be used from synthesis of
  nitrogen containing compounds (anabolism) or can
  be excreted at urea.
• In order to be excreted, the amine group must be
  removed at NH4 via oxidative deamination.

4
Complementary Amino Acids

• Nonessential amino acids are those that can be
  synthesized by our bodies.
• Essential amino acids are those that must be
  obtained from foods because they cannot be
  efficiently synthesized by our bodies.
• Our diets must contain a reasonable ratio of the
  essential amino acids in order for our bodies to
  maintain health.
• Meat, eggs, soy and milk contain the essential
  amino acids in a similar ratio to that needed by
  humans.
• Fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and grains tend
  to be high in some and low in others. They do
  not contain similar ratios to that needed by
  humans. Thus, they should be consumed such that
  the amino acids they contain will complement
  each other.

5
Glucogenic and Ketogenic Amino Acids

• Ketogenic amino acids are those whose carbon
  skeletons can enter the Krebs cycle for energy
  production, or can form ketone bodies via
  ketogenesis for energy storage.
• Glucogenic amino acids are those whose carbon
  skeletons can enter the Krebs cycle for energy
  production, or can form glucose via
  gluconeogenesis for energy storage.
• All amino acid carbon skeletons can be used for
  fatty acid biosynthesis via acetyl-CoA.

6
Problems

• What type of molecules undergo transamination
  during catabolism?
• Put the following in order of occurrence Krebs
  cycle, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, ETC
• An 8 step cycle in which two carbons enter as
  acetyl-SCoA and two carbons exit as carbon
  dioxide describes __________.
• Glycolysis
• Fatty acid oxidation
• Gluconeogenesis
• Pyruvate oxidation
• Krebs cycle
• A 10 step process in which glucose is broken down
  into two units of pyruvate describes __________.
• Glycolysis
• Fatty acid oxidation
• Gluconeogenesis
• Pyruvate oxidation
• Krebs cycle
• Palmitic acid has 16 carbons in its chain.