Sports Medicine I

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Sports Medicine I

• Mr. Ryan

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What Will I Learn?

• Human biology
• Anatomy
• Exercise Physiology
• Kinesiology
• Biomechanics
• Muscles, bones, ligaments, organs
• Mechanics and treatment of sports injury

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Course Expectations

• See Handout
• Warm Up
• Write what you think these words mean
• Anatomy
• Physiology
• Kinesiology
• Biomechanics
• Anatomical Position

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Answers

• Anatomy - The scientific study of how the body is
  organized concentrating on bones, joints,
  muscles, and organs, their kinds and their
  arrangements. (ana- separate, -otomy
  incision/cut)
• Physiology - is the study of how cells and organ
  systems function. (-ology study of)
• Kinesiology the study of human movement.
• Biomechanics - The study of motion and the
  effects of forces relative to the body. (bio-
  life)
• Take Pre-Quiz

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Warm Up

• Name the anatomical names of the following
  muscles and bones
• Collar bone
• Chest muscle
• Thigh bone
• Shoulder blade
• Stomach muscles
• Breast plate
• Calf muscle

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Anatomical Terms

• How do I dorsiflex my toes?
• Do my hamstrings help in flexion or extension of
  the knee joint?
• In which anatomical plane do I do a jumping
  jack?
• Which is more medial? Elbow or wrist?
• Is my belly button on the anterior or posterior
  side of my body?

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Introduction to Anatomy

• The anatomical position

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Anatomical Terms

• In relation to the frontal plane
• Anterior refers to the front of the body
• Posterior refers to the back of the body
• In relation to the sagittal plane
• Medial closer to the midline
• Lateral farther from the midline
• Other directional terms
• Superior - toward the head end of the body
• Inferior - away from the head
• Proximal towards an attachment
• Distal away from an attachment
• Dorsal toward the back/posterior
• Plantar toward/on the sole of the foot
• Ventral toward the front/anterior

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Movement

• Flexion - where there is a reduction in the angle
  between bones or parts of the body
• Extension is the opposite of flexion, and there
  is an increase in the angle

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Cont

• Adduction - where there is a reduction in the
  angle between bones or parts of the body.
• Abduction - the exact opposite, with an increase
  in the angle.

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Cont

• Rotation is rotation of an entire limb
  clockwise (laterally) or anticlockwise
  (medially).
• Circumduction -is a special case of movement
  involving adduction, flexion, extension and
  abduction. The resulting movement creates a
  circular path of movement. (Ball and socket
  joints)

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Cont

• Pronation this is the rotation of the hand so
  that the palm faces posteriorly.
• Supination - roation of the hand so that the palm
  faces anteriorly.

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Cont

• Inversion - the movement of the sole towards the
  median plane. (same as when an ankle is twisted).
  
• Eversion - the movement of the sole of the foot
  away from the median plane.

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Cont

• Dorsi flexion toes pointing up
• Plantar flexion toes pointing down

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Cont

• Retraction gliding a segment backward ( e.g.
  scapulae squeeze together)
• Protraction when a segment glides forward (e.g.
  mandible/jaw)

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Skeletal System

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Bones

• Protect organs
• Support/Framework
• Provide Movement (work with muscles)
• Store minerals
• Produce blood cells
• 2 skeletons
• Axial (spine, thorax, and skull
• Appendicular (bones of the extremities)

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Anatomical Characteristics of Bone

• Dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells
  (osteocytes) that are filled in a matrix, which
  consists of an intercellular material.
• Compact (hard) tissue outer surface, tunneled
  by a marrow cavity
• Cancellous (spongy) bone inner aspect composed
  of a more porous tissue
• Contains a network of blood and lymphatic vessels
• Periosteum tissue that covers a bone and
  contains the blood supply to the bone

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Cont

• Epiphysis growth plate located at the ends of a
  long bone
• Bone types
• Long (femur)
• Short (metacarpal)
• Flat (scapula)
• Irregular (vertebra)
• Osteoblasts bone-producing cells (new)
• Osteoclasts cells that resorb bone (break up
  old bone)

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Marrow

• Red Marrow RBCs, WBCs and platelets
• Yellow Marrow WBCs

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GROWTH PLATE
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Cartilage

• Covers the ends of long bones and can be found
  between bones
• Functions
• Join structures (ribs and sternum)
• Absorb shock
• Permit smooth bone movement
• 3 types
• Hyaline or articular (nasal septum, articular
  ends of bones of synovial joints)
• Fibrous (vertebral discs, menisci)
• Elastic (external ear)

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Joints

• Three classifications of joints
• Synovial, Fibrous, and Cartilaginous
• Ligaments connective tissue joining bone to
  bone
• Synovial (Diarthrodial)
• Have fantastic mobility and consist of a joint
  capsule
• Consists of
• Joint capsule lined with a synovial membrane
• Hyaline cartilage
• Ligaments

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Ball and Socket allow all possible movement
• Shoulder and hip joints
• Hinge allow only flexion and extension
• Elbow and knee
• Pivot permits rotation around an axis
• Cervical atlas and axis, proximal ends of radius
  and ulna
• Ellipsoidal have an elliptical convex head and
  a concave socket
• wrist

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Cont

• Saddle reciprocally concavo-convex
• Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
• Gliding allow a small amount of gliding back
  and forth and sideways
• Joints between the carpal and tarsal bones,
  joints between vertebrae

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Fibrous (Synarthrodial) Joints

• Held by connective tissue
• Immovable
• E.g.
• Bones of the skull.
• Between tibia and fibula

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Cartilaginous (Ampiarthrodial) Joints

• Cartilage attaching two bones together
• E.g. Where the ribs meet the sternum

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Muscles (mm)

• Three types
• Smooth internal organs
• Cardiac heart
• Skeletal attached to skeleton responsible for
  movement
• TYPE I Slow Twitch
• TYPE II Fast Twitch

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MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS

• AGONIST - Muscles that carry out a given action.
• ANTAGONISTS mm that carry out the opposing
  action.
• ISOTONIC mm contraction, tension remains
  unchanged and the muscle's length changes.
• CONCENTRIC mm shortens.
• ECCENTRIC mm lengthens.
• ISOMETRIC mm stays the same length.

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Structure of a Skeletal Muscle

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Muscles

• Composed of contractile cells or fibers
• Myofibrils are surrounded by the endomysium
• Fiber bundles are surrounded by the perimysium
• The entire muscle is surrounded by the epimysium
• Tendon attaches muscle to bone
• Aponeurosis - connective tissue that attaches to
  other muscles

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