Plant Growth and Development

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Plant Growth and Development

• Charles Marr
• Horticulture
• Kansas State University

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What is a Master Gardener?

• To understand nature' or the plant and it's
  environment.....
• To tend, culture, or improve' with sound
  horticultural practice...
• To approach learning by how it all fits
  together' rather than by collecting miscellaneous
  facts

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Horticulture

• Hortos garden
• Culture the care and tending of

Hortos was an area surrounding the greek home. It
was used as an area for the growing of edible
crops such as fruits, vegetables, and grapes
(for wine). It was also used as a place for
outdoor living and relaxation.
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Areas of Emphasis in Horticulture- Plants that
have economic or aesthetic value to people.
Vegetables Olericulture
Fruit Pomology
Trees Shrubs Arboriculture
Flowers Floriculture
Turfgrass
Landscaping
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Liberty Hyde Bailey
Native of Michigan Degree in botany from
Harvard Professor at Cornell Prolific author of
horticultural writings Founded American Society
for Horticultural Science in 1903
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Horticulture is........

• A science
• A business
• An art

A commercial industry or vocation An avocation or
leisure activity
The approach to horticulture is different for
those involved with commercial management vs.
home applications and people interactions make it
even more different...
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Plant Classification

• artificial- vegetables, weeds, shrubs, trees
• Theophrastus sexual system' based on plant parts
  
• Evolution or relationships (Darwin)
• Natural system (Linnaeus) or modern system of
  plant classification

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Unit Example

• Kingdom Plantae
• Division Spermatophytae
• Subdivision Angiospermae
• Class Dicotyledonae
• Order Rosales
• Family Rosaceae
• Sub family Maloideae
• Genus Malus
• Species domestica
• Cultivar Jonathan

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A Plant Key
1 Leaves not widest at apex 2. no lobes
Quercus phellos (Willow ) 2. lobes in
leaves 3. bristle tips 4. 3-4 lobes Quercus
falcata (So. Red) 4. 5-9 lobes Quercus
velutina (Black) 3. no bristle tips 5. 7-11
lobest Quercus alba (White) 5. 3-6 lobes
Quercus stellata (Post) 1. Leaves widest at apex
Quercus marilandica (Blackjack)
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Scientific Naming Uses

• Pisum sativum L.- peas
• Syringa vulgaris- Lilac
• Lycopersicon esculentum- Tomato
• Ulmus americana- American Elm
• Ulmus parvifolium- Chinese Elm
• Ficus elastica- rubber plant
• Vigna sinensis- Southern pea
• Joe Pie Weed, Creeping Charlie, Water Grass,.....

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Some Common Terms

• variety
• cultivar cultivated variety
• clone- vegetative propagated plants
• series- closely related varieties
• strain- improved version or variety
• hybrid- crossing 2 inbred lines
• tissue culture- vegetative propagation

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Cell wall Cell membrane Plastids Vacuole Nucleus
Sclerid
Phloem
Fiber
Xylem vessel
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Plasmodesmata connections between plant cells
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Cell Division-Mitosis
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Mitosis
Cell Division
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Reproductive Cell Division Meiosis
Pollen grain(male)
Egg (female)
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Plant Genetics
Pea 14 Lily 24 Wheat 42 Human (46)
Strands of individual genetic traits (genes) on
Chromosomes Chromosomes occur in matched pairs
Reproductive cell (egg or pollen grain) one
set Normal plant cell two sets (diploid) Cells
treated with special chemical four sets
(tetraploid)
Crossing a diploid with a tetraploid results
in a triploid or a cell with 3 sets of
chromosomes (and is sterile)
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Plant Parts

• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
• Flowers and Fruit

Meristem- area of growth apical meristem- top
growth root meristem- root extension cambium-
lateral growth
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Tropism

• Growth directed by environmental influences..

Phototropism- light Geotropism-
gravity Hydrotropism-water Thigmotropism-touch
Plant growth regulating compounds (hormones)
control cell growth or development.
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Root

• Conducting Tissue

• Root hair

• Root
• Meristem

• Root cap

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Conducting cells start to form
Root meristem
Root cap
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Root Hair
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Root Hair

• Water
• Nutrients
• Certain chemicals

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Stem

• Shoot
• Meristem

• Xylem

• Cambium

Xylem

• Phloem

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Vascular Bundles (Conducting tissues)
Cambium
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Xylem Phloem
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Bilateral (bidirectional) flow
Cooling of leaves (and atmosphere)
About 90 of the water flowing through the plant
is used for transport-not for plant reactions.
Sugars produced in leaves
Water and Nutrients
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Leaf
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Leaf

• Veination
• Shape
• Shape of tip and base
• Leaf margins (edges)
• Lobes or sections

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Leaf patterns of development can be used to
identify specific species of plant. Formation of
the edge (margin) of the leaf. Lobes or
indentations in the margin.
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Leaf Arrangement

• Opposite

Roseate

• Alternate

• Whorled

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Stomate

• Guard Cells

• Epidermal cells

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Flower
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Complete or Perfect Flower Incomplete or
Imperfect Flower
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• Complete flower male and female parts
• Male flowers in one location, female flowers on
  another on the same plant (monoecious)
• Male flowers on one plant, female flowers on
  another (dioecious)
• Complete flowers but not self-fruitful (apple,
  some plums, etc)

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Hypocotyl (root)
Epicotyl (shoot)
Cotyledon
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Sequential development of different plant parts
Stems
y
Total
Leaves
Roots
Flowers
Time in weeks
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K-State Research Extension