AVIATION WEATHER

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Training the Worlds Best Aviators
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Welcome to...
AVIATION WEATHER
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Avn Weather Exam

• 7 out of 10 Atmosphere Airmasses,
• Pressure Winds,
• Stability and Clouds
• 7 out of 10 Frontal Weather
• 7 out of 10 Weather Hazards
• 7 out of 10 Weather Reports Forecasts
• 7 out of 10 Weather Charts

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Why is weather important?
Weather affects everything we do!
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What is weather?
The state of the atmosphere with respect to
temperature, moisture content, turbulence, and
cloudiness.
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Terminal Learning Objective
ACTION Plan a flight for weather
considerations CONDITION Acting as an aviator
and given an IFR or VFR flight mission and
available weather information. STANDARD In
accordance with (IAW) Army Regulation (AR) 95-1,
and Field Manual (FM) 1-230
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T L O
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Enabling Learning Objective A
ACTION Identify the composition of the
atmosphere and its effects on weather. CONDITION
Given pertinent information about the
atmosphere. STANDARD IAW FM 1-230 para 2-1 thru
2-2
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OTHER GASES
Dry Air
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Natural Air Dry air Condensation Nuclei and
Water Vapor
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Enabling Learning Objective B
ACTION The student will identify the layers of
the atmosphere, height, and in which layer
weather occurs. CONDITION Given pertinent
information about the atmosphere. STANDARD IAW
FM 1-230 para 2-3
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Layers of Atmosphere

• Troposphere
• Tropopause
• Stratosphere

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25,000'
Tropopause
60,000'
Troposphere
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Stratosphere
25,000'
Tropopause
60,000'
Troposphere
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Enabling Learning Objective C
ACTION The student will identify the
atmospheric circulation, Coriolis force, and the
three-cell theory. CONDITION Given pertinent
information about the atmosphere. STANDARD IAW
FM 1-230 para 6-2, 3, 4
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Atmospheric circulation begins with uneven
heating.
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Atmospheric circulation is modified by

• Uneven heating from the sun

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Atmospheric circulation is modified by

• Uneven heating from the sun
• Coriolis Force The apparent force caused by the
  unequal speed of rotation of the earths surface.
  This force deflects non-steerable bodies to the
  right in the Northern Hemisphere.

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Atmospheric circulation is modified by

• Uneven heating from the sun
• Coriolis Force The apparent force caused by the
  unequal speed of rotation of the earths surface.
  This force deflects non-steerable bodies to the
  right in the Northern Hemisphere.
• Tilt of the earth

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Coriolis Force
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H
L
L
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H
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L
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H
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H
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H
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Global Circulation
H
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Local circulation discussed in future classes
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Enabling Learning Objective D
ACTION The student will identify the four types
of heat transfer. CONDITION Given pertinent
information about heat energy. STANDARD IAW FM
1-230 para 3-5
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METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

• RADIATION

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METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

• RADIATION

• CONDUCTION
• CONVECTION

Strongest thermal currents created over landmass
during daylight hours
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METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

• RADIATION

• CONDUCTION
• CONVECTION

• ADVECTION

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Insolation
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Terrestrial Radiation
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Conduction
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Conduction
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Convection
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Sea Breeze Effect
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Land Breeze Effect
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RADIATION
INSOLATION
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TERRESTRIAL RADIATION
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CONVECTION
CONDUCTION
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ADVECTION
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Break Time
Be back prior to arrival at OZR. (ETA 0010)
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Enabling Learning Objective E
ACTION The student will identify the
relationship of temperature with altitude change,
to include temperature inversions. CONDITION
Given pertinent information about the
temperature. STANDARD IAW FM 1-230 para 3-7b
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Temperature

• A MEASUREMENT OF THE LEVEL OF INTENSITY OF HEAT
  ENERGY MEASURED IN DEGREES CELSIUS

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• Warmest temperatures near ground
• Decreases with altitude
• Standard Lapse Rate
• OLR Observed Lapse Rate

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CELSIUS
FAHRENHEIT
BOILING POINT
100 212 45 113 40 104 37 98.6 30
86 20 68 15 59 10 50 5 41 0
32 -5 23 -15 -5 -40 -40
BODY TEMP
STANDARD SL TEMP
MELTING POINT
SAME
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CONVERSION FORMULAS
C (F - 32) / 1.8 F C 1.8 32 C 5/9
(F40) - 40 F 9/5 (C40) - 40
comp
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Lapse Rate
Troposphere
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TEMPERATUREINVERSIONS

• WARMER AIR ABOVE COLDER AIR

• NOCTURNAL
• FRONTAL

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Best conditions for nocturnal inversion - clear
and cool night
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Overcast Sky / Greenhouse Effect prevents a
temperature inversion
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03o C
05o C
0o C
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Enabling Learning Objective F
ACTION The student will identify the
characteristics, classification, stability and
movement of an air mass. CONDITION Given
pertinent information about air masses. STANDARD
IAW FM 1-230 Chapter 9
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AIR MASS - A LARGE BODY OF AIR WHOSE PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES ARE HORIZONTALLY UNIFORM
TEMP 2 C DP -10 C
TEMP 30 C DP 25 C
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NORTH AMERICAN HIGH
SIBERIAN HIGH
BERMUDA HIGH
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NORTH AMERICAN HIGH
SIBERIAN HIGH
ICELANDIC
HIGH
BERMUDA HIGH
PINEAPPLE EXPRESS
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Icelandic High
North American High
Siberian High
Pineapple High
Bermuda High
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AIR MASSCLASSIFICATION

• c CONTINENTAL AIR MASS
• (DRY AIR)
• m MARITIME AIR MASS
• (MOIST AIR)

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AIR MASSCLASSIFICATION

• A ARCTIC AIR MASS (70 TO 90)
• P POLAR AIR MASS (40 T0 60)
• T TROPICAL AIR MASS (10 TO 30)
• E EQUATORIAL AIR MASS (O TO 10)

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AIR MASSCLASSIFICATION
cA
coldest, dry
Continental Arctic
cold, dry
cP
Continental Polar
cold, moist
mP
Maritime Polar
mT
warm, moist
Maritime Tropical
warm, dry
cT
Continental Tropical
E
warmest, moist
Equatorial
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AIR MASSSTABILITY

• w Stable
• k Unstable

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Stable air mass air is warmer than the ground
indicated by the symbol - w
15c
35c
0c
20c
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AIR MASS CHARACTERISTICS

• W TYPE AIR MASS

• STRATUS CLOUDS
• FOG
• LOW CEILINGS
• POOR VISIBILITY
• SMOOTH FLYING CONDITIONS
• LIGHT OR CALM WINDS
• CONTINOUS LIGHT RAIN
• USUALLY IFR CONDITIONS

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Unstable air mass air is colder than the ground
indicated by the symbol - K
20c
0c
35c
15c
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AIR MASS CHARACTERISTICS

• K TYPE AIR MASS

• CUMULUS CLOUDS
• HIGH CEILINGS
• GOOD VISIBILITY
• TURBULENCE
• GUSTY SURFACE WINDS
• THUNDERSTORMS, HEAVY RAIN
• SHOWERS, HAIL, LIGHTNING

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Hailstone size Measurement Measurement Updraft Speed Updraft Speed
Hailstone size in. cm. mph m/s
bb lt 1/4 lt 0.64 lt 24 lt 11
pea 1/4 0.64 24 11
marble 1/2 1.3 35 16
dime 7/10 1.8 38 17
penny 3/4 1.9 40 18
nickel 7/8 2.2 46 21
quarter 1 2.5 49 22
half dollar 1 1/4 3.2 54 24
walnut 1 1/2 3.8 60 27
golf ball 1 3/4 4.4 64 29
hen egg 2 5.1 69 31
tennis ball 2 1/2 6.4 77 34
baseball 2 3/4 7.0 81 36
tea cup 3 7.6 84 38
grapefruit 4 10.1 98 44
softball 4 1/2 11.4 103 46
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AIR MASSCLASSIFICATION
cPk
cPk
mPk
mPk
mTw
mTw
cTk
cTk
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mP
mP
cP
mT
mT
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Enabling Learning Objective G
ACTION The student will identify the typical
weather associated with air masses. CONDITION
Given pertinent information about a type of air
mass. STANDARD IAW FM 1-230 Chapter 9
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FM 1-230 References for today

• Atmosphere 2-1 thru 2-3
• Temperature 3-1 thru 3-5
• Atmospheric Circulation 6-1 thru 6-5
• Air Masses 9-1 thru 9-11

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FM 1-230 Referencesfor tomorrow

• Pressure 5-1 thru 5-7
• Atmospheric Circulation 6-6 thru 6-8

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Safety First

• Nothing we do is worth an accident.

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Practical Exercise
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STOP
Abandon hope all ye who enter here
You are entering the hidden slide Zone
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Break Time
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If you run, you'll only die tired!!
BREAK TIME
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BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
BREAK!
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BREAK TIME
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BREAK TIME!!!!
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