Fasteners

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Fasteners

• The Nuts and bolts we all use

PHS Auto Salisbury
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Bolts Machine Screws
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SYSTEMS OF THREAD MEASUREMENT

• ENGLISH SYSTEM
• System of thread measurement uses a fractional
  system to determine thread diameter when 1/4 or
  larger.
• Each diameter increases by 1/16 up to about
  1/2
• Thread diameters of 1/4, 5/16, 3/8, 7/16
  1/2 are most commonly used

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SYSTEMS OF THREAD MEASUREMENT
1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2

• ENGLISH SYSTEM
• These diameters are the most commonly used.

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SYSTEMS OF THREAD MEASUREMENT
TABLE OF BOLT SIZES/THREAD PITCH-UNIFIED NATIONAL COARSE (UNC) AND UNIFIED NATIONAL FINE (UNF) TABLE OF BOLT SIZES/THREAD PITCH-UNIFIED NATIONAL COARSE (UNC) AND UNIFIED NATIONAL FINE (UNF) TABLE OF BOLT SIZES/THREAD PITCH-UNIFIED NATIONAL COARSE (UNC) AND UNIFIED NATIONAL FINE (UNF)
Size-Fractional (decimal) Threads UNC Threads (UNF)
1/4" (.250") 20 28
5/16" (.3125") 18 24
3/8" (.375") 16 24
7/16" (.4375") 14 20
1/2" (.500") 13 20
9/16" (.5625") 12 18
5/8" (.625") 11 18
3/4" (.750") 10 16

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Machine Screws Small Fasteners

• 1/4 And Smaller use a wire size number.
• The smallest is Zero (0) and the largest is 14
• 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 are common sizes
• Each has a standard UNC/UNF thread specification.
  
• Sizes are in increments of two

14 12 10 8 6
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HEAD SIZE Vs DIAMETER

• Head size of fastener is not size of fastener
• Size is diameter of threaded portion of fastener
• For Example Bolt
  diameter - Wrench size American
•    1/4 - 7/16
• 5/16 - 1/2
• 3/8 - 9/16
• 7/16 - 11/16
• ½ - 3/4
• 9/16 - 7/8
• 5/8 - 15/16

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HEAD SIZE Vs DIAMETER
Metric
Thanks for The Table
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BOLT LENGTH

• MEASURED FROM UNDER HEAD TO END OF THREADS
• USUALLY COME IN 1/4 INCREMENTS STARTING FROM
  1/2 LENGTH
• LONGEST BOLTS USED IN THE AUTOMOTIVE FIELD ARE
  LESS THEN 6 INCHES LONG

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FASTENER STRENGTH FOR ENGLISH FASTENERS

• STRENGTH OR HARDNESS IS DETERMINED BY COUNTING
  SLASHES OR POINTS ON ITS HEAD
• NO POINTS UNGRADED SHOULD NOT BE USED ON
  AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATONS
• 3 POINTS GRADE 5 COMMONLY USED
• 6 POINTS GRADE 8 HIGH STRESSES

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Bolt Strength

• On U.S. bolts add 2 to the of lines to get the
  grade for example 3 lines plus two equals a grade
  5 Bolt

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FASTENER STRENGTH FOR METRIC FASTENERS

• INDICATED BY NUMBER ON HEAD (PROPERTY CLASS)
• 4.6, 4.8, 5.8, 8.8, 9.8 AND 10.9
• Nuts will have a class of 4 or 6

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FASTENER STRENGTH FOR NUTSUS Grade

• Dots are used to represent the strength of Nuts
• Or lines could be used

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FASTENER STRENGTH FOR NUTSUS Grade

• Grade 5 two lines at 90 degrees

Grade 8 two lines at 60 degrees
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FASTENER STRENGTH FOR NUTSUS Grade
Nut marking SAE Grade 5
Nut marking SAE Grade 8
Grade 5 two lines at 90 degrees
Grade 8 two lines at 60 degrees
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FASTENER STRENGTH FOR NUTSMetric

• Numbers are stamped to represent the strength of
  Metric Nuts

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FASTENER STRENGTH FOR NUTS

• Tips

• Do not use Grade 2 nuts on Grade 8 bolts. When
  you torque the fastener it can strip out the nut
  and then it will not hold.

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US Recommended Bolt Torque
US Recommended Bolt Torque US Recommended Bolt Torque US Recommended Bolt Torque US Recommended Bolt Torque US Recommended Bolt Torque US Recommended Bolt Torque US Recommended Bolt Torque US Recommended Bolt Torque US Recommended Bolt Torque US Recommended Bolt Torque US Recommended Bolt Torque
Size Recommended Torque Recommended Torque Recommended Torque Recommended Torque Recommended Torque Recommended Torque Recommended Torque Recommended Torque Recommended Torque Recommended Torque
Size Grade 5 Grade 5 Grade 8 Grade 8 18-8 S/S 18-8 S/S Bronze Bronze Brass Brass
Size Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine
4 - - - - 5.2 - 4.8 - 4.3 -
6 - - - - 9.6 - 8.9 - 7.9 -
8 - - - - 19.8 - 18.4 - 16.2 -
10 - - - - 22.8 31.7 21.2 29.3 18.6 25.9
1/4 8 10 12 14 6.3 7.8 5.7 7.3 5.1 6.4
5/16 17 19 24 27 11 11.8 10.3 10.9 8.9 9.7
3/8 31 35 44 49 20 22 18 20 16 18
7/16 49 55 70 78 31 33 29 31 26 27
1/2 75 85 105 120 43 45 40 42 35 37
9/16 110 120 155 170 57 63 53 58 47 51
5/8 150 170 284 323 93 104 86 96 76 85
3/4 270 295 510 568 128 124 104 102 118 115
7/8 395 435 813 902 194 193 178 178 159 158
1 590 660 905 1030 287 289 265 240 235 212
Sizes from 4 to 10 are in in.-lbs.Sizes from 1/4 up are in Ft. -lbs. Sizes from 4 to 10 are in in.-lbs.Sizes from 1/4 up are in Ft. -lbs. Sizes from 4 to 10 are in in.-lbs.Sizes from 1/4 up are in Ft. -lbs. Sizes from 4 to 10 are in in.-lbs.Sizes from 1/4 up are in Ft. -lbs. Sizes from 4 to 10 are in in.-lbs.Sizes from 1/4 up are in Ft. -lbs. Sizes from 4 to 10 are in in.-lbs.Sizes from 1/4 up are in Ft. -lbs. Sizes from 4 to 10 are in in.-lbs.Sizes from 1/4 up are in Ft. -lbs. Sizes from 4 to 10 are in in.-lbs.Sizes from 1/4 up are in Ft. -lbs. Sizes from 4 to 10 are in in.-lbs.Sizes from 1/4 up are in Ft. -lbs. Sizes from 4 to 10 are in in.-lbs.Sizes from 1/4 up are in Ft. -lbs. Sizes from 4 to 10 are in in.-lbs.Sizes from 1/4 up are in Ft. -lbs.
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Bolt Torque Metric
Metric Recommended Bolt Torque Metric Recommended Bolt Torque Metric Recommended Bolt Torque
                                                                                                                                                           
Diameter Recommended Torque (Nm) Recommended Torque (Nm)
Diameter Class 8.8 Class 10.9
5 7 9
6 12 16
8 30 40
10 55 75
12 100 135
14 160 215
16 245 335
20 480 650
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STUD STRENGTH
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STUD REMOVAL
One way is to jam two nuts together and then put
the Wrench on the inside one and turn it out.
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STUD REMOVAL
Or Use a stud removal tool like this Snap-on one.
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THREAD TYPE

• TYPE OR PITCH REFERS TO CONSTRUCTION OF THREAD
• NUMBER OF THREADS PER INCH
• NATIONAL COARSE (NC OR USS)
• NATIONAL FINE (NF OR SAE)
• ALL 1/4 AND LARGER WILL BE EITHER NC OR NF
• 1/4 AND SMALLER USES SPECIAL DESIGNATION

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Fine Coarse Thread
NF - National Fine NC - National Coarse
American Standard bolts come in two thread
pitchs NC National Coarse NF National Fine
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How to measure a bolt
A. Pitch C. Diameter D. Thread length E.
Screw length F. Threads per inch G. Head size
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THREAD PITCH

• From 0-1 shows that you have 7 TPI Threads per
  inch. (US standard)
• Metric you measure the pitch, from top of thread
  to top of thread like A

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Thread pitch gauge

• Used to find how many threads in an inch
• come in metric and standard
• Screw pitch gauge common name of this

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Thread pitch gauge
This bolt has 13 threads per inch
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Thread Designations US Threads

• To write out Thread designations for US bolts
  first you give the Diameter then the Thread Pitch
  then the Length
• D X TPI X L
• ½ X 13 X 2 ½
• Take a bolt and give me the Thread designations
  for it.
• You can always add the grade of the bolt. Such
  as grade 5

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Thread Designations US Threads

• So the first thing you have to do to write out
  Thread designations is to measure the Diameter.
• D
• ½ inch

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Thread Designations US Threads

• Next we measure the Thread Pitch.
• D X TPI
• ½ X 13

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Thread Designations US Threads

• Then we measure the Length.
• D X TPI X L
• ½ X 13 X 2 ½

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Thread Designations US Threads

• You can always add the grade of the bolt. Such
  as grade 5
• D X TPI X L
• ½ X 13 X 2 ½ Gr 5 Zinc plated steel
• Also what finish do you want it to be.
  Stainless  -  Brass  - Titanium - Zinc - Plain
  - Black Oxide

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METRIC FASTENERS

• SIMILAR TO ENGLISH SYSTEM
• THREAD DIAMETER IS EXPRESSED IN MILLIMETERS (mm)
• THREAD TYPE IS DIFFERENT
• THREAD SIZE IS DETERMINED BY MEASURING THE
  DISTANCE IN MILLIMETERS FROM CREST OF ONE THREAD
  TO CREST OF NEXT ONE.
• Example 1.00, 1.25, AND 1.50

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Thread Designations for Metric

• To write out Thread designations for Metric bolts
  first you give the Diameter then the Thread Pitch
  then the Length. Only this time it should be in
  millimeters
• D X TPI X L
• M12 X 1.50 X 60
• You can always add the Class (grade) of the bolt.
  Such as 4.8, 8.8, 10.8

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SPECIAL FASTENERS

• LEFT HAND FASTENERS
• CAN HAVE A L OR A LH STAMPED ON THEM

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Bolts
This is a normal Hex Head Cap Screw with a flat
washer and hex nut.
Eye Bolts
Eye Nuts
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Washers
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Lock washers
Internal Tooth lock washer
External Tooth lock washer
Split Lock washer
Countersunk
SAE Flat washer
Fender Washer
USS Flat washer
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Lock washers
External Tooth lock washer
Internal Tooth lock washer
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Nuts
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Socket Head fasteners
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Machine Screws
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Tapping Screws
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Machine Screws
AARON'S CAP SCREWS Go here to find out more info
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Machine Screws
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Bit Tips
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Drywall
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Rivets, Pins Clips
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Fastener Assortment
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Fastener Assortment
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Name the different clips
Pal nut
External snap ring
Thin or Jam nut
Grease Zerk
Lock nut
Internal snap ring
Speed nuts
Cotter Pin
Set Screw
Stud
Blind Rivets
Wing Nut
E-Clip
Split or Roll Pin
Hitch pin clip
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Name the clips
Internal clip for a drive line (U-Joint Cross)
External clip for a drive line
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THREAD REPAIR

• If a Bolt is too long used in a blind hole, it
  may bottom out, the head can break off. Very
  hard to remove.
• If a Bolt is broken off the first thing you want
  to do is soak it with penetrating oil.
• If it is broken off flush use a hammer and punch
  to see if it will turn out for you.
• Center punch in the center of the fastener and
  use a left hand drill bit to try to remove it.

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THREAD REPAIR

• If the end of the broken bolt is not flat use a
  cutoff saw or grinder to flatten it out.
• Another trick if you cannot get the center punch
  centered, (or if you mess up) try using a small
  dremel grinder with a small carbide bit to grind
  a spot in the center.

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THREAD REPAIR

• If end of bolt is sticking out use locking pliers
  and try to remove it or
• Reshape head, cut a screwdriver slot or weld on a
  nut.

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THREAD REPAIR

• Matt Brubaker says, Center punch, then drill a
  small hole all the way through the stud, insert
  the straw of your favorite penetrating oil and
  give a squirt, next pressurize the hole with a
  rubber tipped blow gun for 30 sec. Another squirt
  and 30 more seconds of air pressure. Then I
  drill again for the largest possible easy out yet
  leaving enough stud so the easy out doesn't dig
  into the head and that has worked very well for
  me.

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THREAD REPAIR

• Timothy Filbin says, Drill a hole in the broken
  stud or bolt, it doesn't need to be all the way
  through. Heat up the broken stud or bolt with a
  torch (a small propane unit will do), get a small
  diameter birthday cake candle and touch the end
  of the candle to the edge of the exposed threads.
  The heat will melt the wax and pull it into the
  threads just like when soldering copper tubing.

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THREAD REPAIR

• Use a screw extractor sometimes called a easy out
  to remove it.
• First drill a hole in the center, all the way
  through the fastener.
• Lightly tap the extractor with a hammer and then
  remove with a wrench. Use light pressure. Do not
  use excessive force.

screw extractors parallel fluted I like these
best
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THREAD REPAIR

• Do not break off the extractor or tap in the hole
  it is harden steel almost impossible to get out.
• If it does not come out drill out and retap the
  hole.
• You may also try using heat and water (or
  penetrating oil) to heat the area around the bolt
  and cool the fastener. Just remember you could
  wind up with a harden bolt in the hole.

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THREAD REPAIR

• Drill out and use a easy out

CBC AUTOMOTIVE RK
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THREAD REPAIRExtractor
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THREAD REPAIR Extractor
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THREAD REPAIR
THREAD REPAIR

• Heli Coil EZ-LOK
• Make sure you use the right drill tap size

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Thread lockers

• Anaerobic cures after the components are put
  together
• Locks Bolts Studs against Vibration loosening
• Four colors
• Use on screws up to ¼ - Purple
• 242 Able to Remove ¼ to 3/4" Bolts - Blue
• 271 High Strength Hard to Remove 3/8 to 1"
  - Red
• 290 Wicking Grade for Preassembled Parts -
  Green
• could be different due to size of bottle
• Clean and dry all parts removing dirt, oil,
  grease and/or any foreign material
• Watch video at http//www.permatex.com/trainingvid
  eos.htm

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Purple Thread lockers

• Low strength
• Use on screws up to ¼
• Applied BEFORE Assembly
• Carburetors, relay locks, headlamps, throttle
  body assembly, choke assembly and fuel injection
  set screws, body panel mounting fasteners

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Blue Thread lockers

• Medium Strength for all bolts ¼ or larger
• Able to Remove with hand tools
• Prevents parts from loosening from vibration
• Protects threads from corrosion
• Recommend for valve cover bolts,rocker arm nuts,
  carburetor studs, motorcycle, jet skis
  snowmobiles etc.
• Applied BEFORE Assembly

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Red Thread lockers

• High Strength Hard to Remove
• Works well for studs and press fit
• Locks against heavy vibration
• Requires extra effort to remove or special tools
  like heat
• Applied BEFORE Assembly
• OEM specified as 271

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Green Thread lockers

• Wicking Grade for Pre-assembled
  Parts
• Use on Calibration and adjustment screws
• Applied AFTER Assembly
• OEM specified as 290
• There is also a Green High Strength for sleeves

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Thread / Pipe Sealant

• Thread Sealant for metal tapered pipe threads and
  fittings replaces teflon tape
• Suggested applications
• Stainless steel fittings, head bolts into through
  holes, oil PSI sending units/sensors, oil and
  coolant lines, intake manifold switches, rear
  axle fill plug, fuel fittings

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Teflon Tape

• Prevents leaks Just wrap tape around threads
• Use on stainless, aluminum, plastic, iron,
  copper, or brass.

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BOLT PAINTING

• Many cars left the factory with painted bolts,
  nuts and other assorted fasteners. The problem
  for the garage restorer is that these freshly
  repainted pieces chip and mar easily. So do what
  the factory did Bake the paint on. An old
  toaster oven is perfect for this task--just set
  the oven to 325 degrees and let the parts bake
  for a half-hour. This process sometimes changes
  the color of paints
• Thanks to enjoy the drive by SEMA
• http//www.enjoythedrive.com/content/?id7175

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The end for now most of these pictures were
borrowed off of the web site
torque charts from
More training information
at http//www.boltdepot.com/fastener-information/D
efault.aspx
And the Permatex web site a big Thank you goes to
both sites