Social Life of the Filipinos During the American Occupation

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Social Life of the Filipinos During the American
Occupation
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Education

• 1903 Bureau of Education was established to
  implement public education system
• American soldiers first teachers of English
• Thomasites 600 trained teachers who arrived on
  board the ship Thomas (Aug. 23, 1901)
• - these teachers were dedicated, some caught
  disease, many stayed in the Philippines till
  their death

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Thomasites Memorial
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Public Schools

• one of the greatest legacies of the US
• elementary, secondary, normal, vocational,
  tertiary schools
• Philippine Normal School (1901) to train
  Filipinos in teaching now the Philippine Normal
  University

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PNU Seal
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Vocational Schools

• Philippine School of Commerce (now the
  Polytechnic University of the Philippines)
• Philippine School of Arts and Trade (now the
  Technological University of the Philippines)
• Philippine Nautical School (now the Philippine
  Merchant Academy)
• schools of trade and agriculture

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Pensionados

• Young and intelligent Filipinos sent by the
  government to America to study there
• When they returned to the Philippines, they
  served in education, agriculture, and other
  fields. They set examples of democratic and
  American ways of life

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Early Pensionados
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Universities

• Silliman University (1901) Dumaguete, Negros
  Oriental
• National University (1901) Manila
• Centro Escolar University (1907) Manila
• University of the Philippines (1908) Diliman,
  Quezon City
• University of Manila (1914) Manila
• Philippine Womens University (1919) Manila
• Far Eastern University (1933) - Manila

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Silliman University

• Only Protestant university in the Philippines

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Centro Escolar University
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University of the Philippines

• Premier university many politicians, artists,
  scientists, professionals came from UP

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Far Eastern University
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Education US versus Spanish Rule

• Education open to all, not just a few (in Spanish
  times, mostly to the wealthy)
• Focus on English, history, civics, health and
  hygiene, vocational arts (in Spanish times, focus
  on religion)
• Focus on more practical matters (in Spanish
  times, focus on spiritual matters)
• Co-educational schools (in Spanish times,
  exclusive boys or girls schools)
• Thomasites dedicated and taught professionally
  (in Spanish times, la letra con sangre entra)

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Education Changes Affected Filipino Ways of Life

• Filipinos became more democratic (especially
  through influence of pensionados)
• Filipinos learned English (required by law,
  through Thomasites)
• Filipinos learned a lot about America, and
  learned to adapt its ways
• Catholic schools from Spanish times continued to
  exist, side by side with new schools, so
  Filipinos had better education
• Intellectual ability and literacy enhanced

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Changes Still Seen Today

• We remain a democracy, and we are committed to
  democratic values
• English is widely used throughout the country
• American culture and ways are emulated and
  imitated (for good or ill)
• Most schools established during US occupation
  still exist today (such as UP, FEU, PNU, CEU)
• Bureau of Education is now Dep Ed

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Educational Changes Affected Nationalism of
Filipinos

• Democratic values taught in education made
  Filipinos work for independence and to govern
  themselves
• But exposure to American language, way of life,
  and customs made many Filipinos have colonial
  mentality (they wanted to imitate US)
• Example they prefer to read English books
  rather than Filipino books they consider Nikes
  superior to Marikina shoes they watch Hollywood
  movies rather than Tagalog films

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Religion

• Catholicism still primary religion, but
  Protestantism was introduced by the Americans
• Increased quickly (4000 Protestants in 1903 to
  130,000 in 1928)
• Different sects Presbyterian (1899), Baptists
  (1900), Disciples of Christ (1901), Seventh Day
  Adventists (1905), Methodist-Episcopal (1908)

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Seal of the Episcopal Church in the Philippines
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Protestant Works

• Teach religion
• Charity work
• Built hospitals, schools (such as Silliman
  University) and churches (such as the Episcopal
  Church in Manila)

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Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI)

• Philippine Independent Church
• Founder Isabelo delos Reyes on Aug. 3, 1902
• Aim Filipinize all churches in the country
• Catholic functions and ceremonies retained, but
  not under Vatican authority in Rome

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Aglipayan Church

• Gregorio Aglipay (former Ilocano Catholic priest)
  was made head by delos Reyes on Jan. 18, 1903
• Now called Church of Aglipay
• Aglipayanism second primary religion here
• Most Aglipayans today are in Ilocos (3 million,
  1 of Philippine population)
• Aglipayan Church is now recognized by the
  Episcopal and Anglican Churches
• Marcos was born into the Aglipayan Church, but
  converted to Catholicism!

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Gregorio Aglipay
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Religion US versus Spanish Rule

• Many sects of Protestantism were introduced (in
  Spanish times, only Catholicism was allowed)
• Separation of church and state (in Spanish times,
  union of church and state)
• Protestant missionaries did a lot of good works
  (in Spanish times, Jesuits helped Filipinos, but
  many friars were abusive)
• Aglipayanism not under Vatican rule (in Spanish
  times, all Catholics were under Rome)

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Religious Changes Affected Filipino Ways of Life

• Filipinos had freedom of religion (they could
  choose what to believe, without fear of
  persecution)
• Since church and state were separated, church had
  no say in government and administration, public
  schools, etc. (this prevented abuses from friars)
• Aglipayanism was nationalistic this made many
  Filipinos work more for independence

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Changes Still Seen Today

• Filipinos still have freedom of religion
• Separation of church and state (in UP, for
  example, religion class is not required)
• Aglipayan Church still has many followers
• Many Protestants in the Philippines today, and
  they continue to do charity work
• Philippines has 13th largest Protestant
  populations in the world (9 million, 10 of
  Filipino population)

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Religious Changes Affected Nationalism of
Filipinos

• Inspired by Isabelo delos Reyes and Gregorio
  Aglipay, who were both activists, followers of
  the Aglipayan Church made Filipinos more
  nationalistic they wanted to work for
  independence
• Up to now, Aglipayan Church is still
  nationalistic they campaigned against US bases
  in the Philippines

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Land Ownership

• Homestead Act Filipinos can acquire 24 hectares
  of land through cultivation of uncultivated land
  (goal to provide land for Filipinos)
• Torrens Act foreign capitalists not allowed to
  buy or lease land (goal to protect ownership of
  land by Filipinos)
• Bureau of Land established to take care of the
  land of the people

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Agriculture

• Bureau of Agriculture (1902) established to
  accelerate the development of the farming
  industry
• Now called the Bureau of Plant Industry - in
  Manila (part of the Department of Agriculture)

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Free Trade

• Free trade with the US became extensive
• 25 tariff reduction on Philippine products
  entering the US in 1902
• Payne-Aldrich Act (1909) partial free trade
  between Philippines and US
• Underwood-Simon Act (1913) totally free trade

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Industries

• New machineries
• New factories in industrial centers in Manila
  (sugarmills, sawmills, tobacco factories, wine
  distilleries)
• Basic industries became progressive (mining,
  fishing, logging)
• Home industries popularized (weaving in Ilocos,
  ceramics in Laguna and Rizal, furniture making in
  Manila and Bulacan, slippers and shoemaking in
  Marikina)

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Ilocos Weaving
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Laguna Ceramics
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Bulacan furniture making
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Marikina Shoemaking
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Banking

• American Bank (1901 1905) first US bank in
  the Philippines
• Philippine Postal and Savings Bank (1906)
• Philippine National Bank (1916) still exists
  today moved from Escolta to Roxas Boulevard,
  Manila
• Banks in the Spanish time continued in American
  era

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Philippine National Bank
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Economy US Versus Spanish Rule

• Filipinos encouraged to own land, foreigners not
  allowed (in Spanish times, in encomienda and
  kasama system, most lands owned by Spanish friars
  and govt officials)
• Farming was developed for benefit of the people
  (in Spanish times, in bandala system and tobacco
  monopoly, farming was for benefit of Spaniards)

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Economy US versus Spanish Rule

• Free trade with the US made Philippines enjoy
  sufficiency (in Spanish times, galleon trade with
  Spain enriched mostly Spanish officials)
• Industries were developed (in Spanish times, many
  industries were neglected because of focus on
  galleon trade)

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Economic Changes Affected Filipino Ways of Life

• Filipinos (not foreigners) could own their own
  land and cultivate it for their own use
• Farming, industrial and home industries were
  developed, which raised the standard of living of
  Filipinos
• Philippines had free trade with US, so it enjoyed
  sufficiency, but neglected trade relations with
  other nations

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Changes Still Seen Today

• Many Filipinos own their own land. Foreigners
  are not allowed to have majority ownership of
  lands or industries
• Bureau of Plant Industry still exists
• Philippine National Bank is 4th largest bank
• Philippines trades extensively with US (also with
  other countries)
• Industrial and home industries still exist

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Economic Changes Affected Nationalism of
Filipinos

• Standard of living of Filipinos went up, but free
  trade with the US meant that trade with other
  countries was neglected
• Most local exports went to the US, making
  Philippine economy dependent on America, which is
  not nationalistic
• Exposure to American goods made Filipinos
  materialistic and led to colonial mentality,
  which is not nationalistic

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Conclusion

• Social life of the Filipinos generally improved
  under the American occupation, in terms of
  education, religion, and economy
• But there were also negative effects, as we have
  seen

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Thank you for listening!