PRESENTATION ON

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PRESENTATION ON
EMEBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVOLPMENT
Submitted By- Amit Gupta ECE06 6220406501
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• EEAST is a complete R D Organization
  dedicated to provide Electronics and Advanced
  Software Products and Solutions to its Clients.
  Achieving the needs of our customer and
  converting their ideas to real models is our
  motto.
• We are working in the field of
• Embedded Systems, Automation and Advanced
  System design for the last four years with the
• vision of becoming a center of Excellence to
  provide Solutions, Services and Training in
• various fields of technologies.

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Embedded System

• Embedded system means the processor is embedded
  into that application.
• An embedded product uses a microprocessor or
  microcontroller to do one task only.
• In an embedded system, there is only one
  application software that is typically burned
  into ROM.
• Exampleprinter, keyboard, video game player

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Embedded systems

• Things with computers that are not computers
  themselves
• Refrigerators, toys, industrial robots, ...
• 98 of all microprocessors go into embedded
  systems
• Embedded systems are everywhere!
• 50 much smaller than PC microprocessors
• 8-bit microprocessors

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Embedded Computing Systems

• Use a microprocessor or microcontroller to do one
  task only
• Printer
• PC used for any number of applications
• Word processor, print-server, bank teller
  terminal, video game player, network server,
  internet terminal
• PC contains or is connected to various embedded
  products
• Keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller, sound
  card, CD-ROM driver, mouse
• X86 PC embedded applications

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Embedded Products Using Microcontrollers

• Home
• Appliances, intercom, telephones, security
  systems, garage door openers, answering machines,
  fax machines, home computers, TVs, cable TV
  tuner, VCR, camcorder, remote controls, video
  games, cellular phones, musical instruments,
  sewing machines, lighting control, paging,
  camera, pinball machines, toys, exercise equipment

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Embedded Products Using Microcontrollers

• Office
• Telephones, computers, security systems, fax
  machines, microwave, copier, laser printer, color
  printer, paging

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Embedded Products Using Microcontrollers

• Auto
• Trip computer, engine control, air bag, ABS,
  instrumentation, security system, transmission
  control, entertainment, climate control, cellular
  phone, keyless entry

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Why do we need to learn Microprocessors/controlle
rs?

• The microprocessor is the core of computer
  systems.
• Nowadays many communication, digital
  entertainment, portable devices, are controlled
  by them.
• A designer should know what types of components
  he needs, ways to reduce production costs and
  product reliable.

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Introduction
General-purpose microprocessor

• CPU for Computers
• No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
• ExampleIntels x86, Motorolas 680x0

Many chips on mothers board
Data Bus
CPU General-Purpose Micro-processor
Serial COM Port
I/O Port
RAM
ROM
Timer
Address Bus
General-Purpose Microprocessor System
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Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

• Microprocessor
• CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are
  separate
• designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM
  and I/O ports.
• expansive
• versatility
• general-purpose

• Microcontroller
• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single
  chip
• fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports
• for applications in which cost, power and space
  are critical
• single-purpose

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Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
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Choosing A Microcontroller

• Computing needs
• Speed, packaging, power consumption, RAM, ROM,
  I/O pins, timers, upgrade to high performance or
  low-power versions, cost
• Software development tools
• Assembler, debugger, C compiler, emulator,
  technical support
• Availability source

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Microcontroller

• A smaller computer
• On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
• ExampleMotorolas 6811, Intels 8051, Zilogs Z8
  and PIC 16X

RAM
ROM
CPU
A single chip
Serial COM Port
I/O Port
Timer
Microcontroller
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Companies Producing 8051/8952

• Some Companies Producing a Member of the
  8051/8952 Family

Company Web Site
Intel www.intel.com/design/mcs51
Atmel www.atmel.com
Philips/Signetics www.semiconductors.philips.com
Siemens www.sci.siemens.com
Dallas Semiconductor www.dalsemi.com
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Advantages of using MCU

• Small Single chip is smaller than a PC
• Cheap
• Low power consumption
• Low heat
• High efficiency have only required
• units

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Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller

• meeting the computing needs of the task
  efficiently and cost effectively
• speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of
  I/O ports and timers, size, packaging, power
  consumption
• easy to upgrade
• cost per unit
• availability of software development tools
• assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator,
  simulator, technical support
• wide availability and reliable sources of the
  microcontrollers.

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Contents

• Introduction
• Block Diagram and Pin Description of the AT89C52.
• Registers
• Memory mapping in AT89C52.
• AT89C52 Flag bits and the PSW register
• Stack in the AT89C52.

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8051 Family

• Comparison of 8051 Family Members

Feature 8051 8052 8031
ROM (on chip program space in bytes) 4K 8k 0k
RAM (bytes) 128 256 128
Timers 2 3 2
I/O pins 32 32 32
Serial port 1 1 1
Interrupt sources 6 8 6
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Inside 8051 Microcontroller

• Introduced by Intel in 1981

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Pin Description of the 8051
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Pins of 8051(1/4)

• Vcc(pin 40)
• Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip.
• The voltage source is 5V.
• GND(pin 20)ground
• XTAL1 and XTAL2(pins 19,18)
• These 2 pins provide external clock.
• Way 1using a quartz crystal oscillator
• Way 2using a TTL oscillator
• Example 4-1 shows the relationship between XTAL
  and the machine cycle.

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Pins of 8051(2/4)

• RST(pin 9)reset
• It is an input pin and is active high(normally
  low).
• The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine
  cycles.
• It is a power-on reset.
• Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the
  microcontroller will reset and all values in
  registers will be lost.
• Reset values of some 8051 registers
• Way 1Power-on reset circuit
• Way 2Power-on reset with debounce

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Pins of I/O Port

• The 8051 has four I/O ports
• Port 0 (pins 32-39)P0(P0.0P0.7)
• Port 1(pins 1-8) P1(P1.0P1.7)
• Port 2(pins 21-28)P2(P2.0P2.7)
• Port 3(pins 10-17)P3(P3.0P3.7)
• Each port has 8 pins.
• Named P0.X (X0,1,...,7), P1.X, P2.X, P3.X
• ExP0.0 is the bit 0(LSB)of P0
• ExP0.7 is the bit 7(MSB)of P0
• These 8 bits form a byte.
• Each port can be used as input or output
  (bi-direction).

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Pins of 8051(3/4)

• /EA(pin 31)external access
• There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032 .
• The /EA pin is connected to GND to indicate the
  code is stored externally.
• /PSEN ALE are used for external ROM.
• For 8051, /EA pin is connected to Vcc.
• / means active low.
• /PSEN(pin 29)program store enable
• This is an output pin and is connected to the OE
  pin of the ROM.

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Pins of 8051(4/4)

• ALE(pin 30)address latch enable
• It is an output pin and is active high.
• 8051 port 0 provides both address and data.
• The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the
  address and data by connecting to the G pin of
  the 74LS373 latch.
• I/O port pins
• The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3.
• Each port uses 8 pins.
• All I/O pins are bi-directional.

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Dual Role of Port 0

• When connecting an 8051/8031 to an external
  memory, the 8051 uses ports to send addresses and
  read instructions.
• 8031 is capable of accessing 64K bytes of
  external memory.
• 16-bit addressP0 provides both address A0-A7, P2
  provides address A8-A15.
• Also, P0 provides data lines D0-D7.
• When P0 is used for address/data multiplexing, it
  is connected to the 74LS373 to latch the address.
• There is no need for external pull-up resistors

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Port 0 with Pull-Up Resistors
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Registers
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8051 Flag bits and the PSW register

• PSW Register

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Stack in the 8051

• The register used to access the stack is called
  SP (stack pointer) register.
• The stack pointer in the 8051 is only 8 bits
  wide, which means that it can take value 00 to
  FFH. When 8051 powered up, the SP register
  contains value 07.

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Now we can program...

• But how do we get the programs onto the devices?

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WITH THE USE OF KEIL SOFTWARE

• Write a program in embedded C language.
• Execute it.
• View the output of program on peripheral devices
  as provided in Keil software.
• Now burn the program on AT89C52 using burner.
• Now apply the chip with hardware.

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Interfacing

• hardware or software used to interface two
  computers or programs or devices

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Interfacing used

• LED
• Seven Segment Display
• LCD Display
• Stepper Motor
• Switch
• Buzzer

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AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING

• Block Diagram
• Layout
• Circuit Diagram

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BLOCK DIAGRAM
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STEPPER MOTOR
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STEPPER MOTOR

• This animation demonstrates the principle for a
  stepper motor using full step commutation. The
  rotor of a permanent magnet stepper motor
  consists of permanent magnets and the stator has
  two pairs of windings. Just as the rotor aligns
  with one of the stator poles, the second phase is
  energized. The two phases alternate on and off
  and also reverse polarity. There are four steps.
  One phase lags the other phase by one step. This
  is equivalent to one forth of an electrical cycle
  or 90.

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STEPPER MOTOR

• This stepper motor is very simplified. The rotor
  of a real stepper motor usually has many poles.
  The animation has only ten poles, however a real
  stepper motor might have a hundred. These are
  formed using a single magnet mounted inline with
  the rotor axis and two pole pieces with many
  teeth. The teeth are staggered to produce many
  poles. The stator poles of a real stepper motor
  also has many teeth. The teeth are arranged so
  that the two phases are still 90 out of phase.
  This stepper motor uses permanent magnets. Some
  stepper motors do not have magnets and instead
  use the basic principles of a switched reluctance
  motor. The stator is similar but the rotor is
  composed of a iron laminates.

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STEPPER MOTOR

• Note how the phases are driven so that the rotor
  takes half steps

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STEPPER MOTOR

• Animation shows how coils are energized for full
  steps

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STEPPER MOTOR

• Full step sequence showing how binary numbers can
  control the motor

• Half step sequence of binary control numbers

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LCD Display
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Optocoupler Devices

• ICs used in Automation ,to provide isolation
• Why isolation is required?
• Because microcontroller works on 5V and other
  devices(Stepper Motor , Fan) works on greater
• than 5V . Any spike of greater of 5V can burn
  microcontroller .

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Pin diagram of 4N35
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Electromagnetic Relay
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