Biofouling formation and remedial measures

1
Biofouling formation and remedial measures
2
introduction

• Biofouling is the undesirable accumulation of
  microorganisms, plants, algae, and/or animals on
  wetted structures.
• Biofouling is one of the most important problems
  currently facing marine technology. In the marine
  environment any solid surface will become fouled.
• Marine and freshwater biofouling is one of the
  major unsolved problems currently affecting the
  shipping industry and industrial aquatic
  processes.
• Marine biofouling commonly refers to the adverse
  growth of marine organisms on immersed artificial
  structures such as ship hulls, jetty pilings,
  navigational instruments, aquaculture net cages
  and seawater in taking pipes

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• The establishment of the fouling community is
  composed of four stages (Fig. 1 Abarzua and
  Jakubowski, 1995) and some of these stages can
  overlap or occur in parallel.

Figure 1.Process of fouling The 4 main stages of
marine biofouling (NERC News 1995)
4
Formation of biofouling

• Biofouling is not as simple a process as it
  sounds. Organisms do not usually simply suck onto
  a substrate like a suction cup. The complex
  process often begins with the production of
  a biofilm.

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Figure 3 Biofouling cycle
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Formation of Microfouling

• In the aquatic environment, any submerged solid
  surface gets coated by a complex layer, initially
  consisting of an organic conditioning film.
• Formation of this film is immediately followed by
  an accumulation of microorganisms (eg. bacteria,
  fungi, diatoms, and other micro-organisms) and
  the secretion at their cell surface of extra
  cellular polymeric substances (EPS) during
  attachment, colonization, and population growth.
• A biofilm is a film made of bacteria, such
  as Thiobacilli or other microorganisms, that
  forms on a material when conditions are right.
  (Gehrke, T Sand, W. 2003). 

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• Nutrient availability is an important factor
  bacteria require dissolved organic
  carbon, humic substances and uronic acid for
  optimum biofilm growth.( Griebe, T Flemming, HC.
  2000).
• Bacteria are not the only organisms that can
  create this initial site of attachment (sometimes
  called the slime layer) diatoms, seaweed, and
  their secretions are also culprits.

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Figure 4 Biofouling cycle (Source Center for
Nanoscale Science and Engineering)
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Formation of macrofouling

• A macrofouling community consisting of either
  'soft fouling' or 'hard fouling may develop and
  overgrow the microfouling.
• Soft fouling comprises algae and invertebrates,
  such as soft corals, sponges, anemones, tunicates
  and hydroids.
• Hard fouling comprises invertebrates such as
  barnacles, mussels and tubeworms, bryazons and
  seaweeds (Callow and Callow 2002).

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• According to biofouling processes, the following
  overlapping time sequence is observed bacteria
  appear after approximately 1 to 2 hour, diatoms
  after several hours, spores of macroalgae and
  protozoa after 1 week and larvae of macro-foulers
  after 2 to 3 weeks (Von Oertzen et al., 1989).

Figure 7 Temporal structure of settlement
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Effects of biofouling

• Both micro- and macrofouling in the worlds
  oceans cause huge material and economic losses in
  maintenance of mariculture facilities, shipping
  facilities, vessels, and seawater pipelines
  (Wahl, 1997 Clare, 1998Fusetani, 2004 Yebra et
  al., 2004).
• Biofouling increases weight and frictional
  resistance of the ship, thus affecting its
  hydrodynamics, speed and maneuverability (Rolland
  and DeSimone 2003).
• Biofouling is everywhere. Parts of a ship other
  than the hull are affected as well heat
  exchangers, water-cooling pipes, propellers, even
  the ballast water. (Brizzolara, RA. 2002).
• biofouling on ship hulls is a powerful way of
  spreading species to new parts of the world
  oceans leading to bioinvasion, which is now
  recognised as a major threat to biodiversity
  (Anil et al., 2002).

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• Heating and cooling systems biofouling might also
  be found in power stations or factories. Just
  like a clogged drain in your kitchen or bathroom,
  buildup of matter inside cooling system pipes
  decreases performance.
• Again, fouling causes a domino effect. Equipment
  must be cleaned frequently, at times with harsh
  chemicals, and the obstruction of piping can lead
  to a shutdown of plants and economic losses. (De
  Rincon et al., 2001).
• In aquaculture, biofouling problems are of two
  types - on infrastructure (immersed mesh cages
  and trawls) and on stock organisms, particularly
  mussels, oysters and scallops.
• Yet another place biofouling organisms lurk is
  piping and sprinkler system nozzles of fire
  protection systems (Lewis, D P Piontkowski et
  al., 1997).

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Remedial measures of Biofouling

• Physical method
• Chemical method
• Biological method

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Physical method

• The simplest method for treatment of fouling is
  simply to remove by mechanical cleaning eg, by
  treatment of the fouled surface with
  high-pressure water jets (Granhag et al., 2004).
• scraping

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Disadvantages

• Costly
• Time consuming
• Less effective
• Not easily applicable to everywhere

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Chemical method

• TBT
• Copper
• UV irritation
• Chlorination
• Titanium alloys(2m/sec )
• Silicone elastomers (for fast vessels)

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DISADVANTAGES

• Evidence of adverse effects of TBT prompted the
  International Marine Organization to call for a
  ban on the application of TBT based antifouling
  paints from 2003 and the presence of such paints
  on the surface of ships from the year 2008.
• some want to eliminate copper-based coatings,
  claiming they are responsible for the same
  negative effects as TBT.
• These are not organism specific.

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Biological method

• There may be no greater way to fight nature than
  with nature itself.
• The disadvantages of physical and chemical
  methods we need the help of natural source for
  producing ecofriendly antifouling compounds.
• Several kinds of natural antifouling agents that
  inhibit growth of fouling orgonisms have been
  isolated from marine organisms like bacteria
  (Holrnstrom et al., 1996), marine algae (Abarzua
  et al., 1999, de Nys et al., 1996, Eng-Wilmot et
  al., 1979, Gross et al., 1991, Hellio et al.,
  2002, Ishida 2000, Murakami et al., 199 1, Wu et
  al., 1998), sponges (Mokashe et al., 1994, Thakur
  2001), coelenterates (Davis et al., 1989, Targett
  et al., 1983, Targett 1988), holothurians
  (Mokashe et al., 1994) and ascidians (Thakur
  2001).

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• The new diterpene methoxy-ent-8(14)-pimarenely-15-
  one and the three known metabolites
  ent-8(14)-pimarene-15R, 16-Diol,
  stigmasterol,ß-sitosterol from the mangrove plant
  Ceriops tagal (Chen et al., 2008). Diterpenes
  from brown sea weed Canistrocarpus cervicornis
  also act as antifoulant metabolites (Bian co et
  al., 2009).
• Diterpene from Brazilian brown alga Dictyota
  pfafii (Barbosa et al., 2007).
• Two antifouling compounds 3-methyl-N-(2-Phenylethy
  l) butanamide and cyclo (D-Pro-D-Phe) from
  Letendraea helminthicola, a sponge associated
  fungus (Yang et al., 2007).
• Vibrio biofilm formation inhibited by a marine
  actinomycete A66 (You et al., 2007).
• The sesquiterpene hydroquinone avarol was
  isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea avara .

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• whereas the corresponding quinone, avarone was
  obtained by oxidation of avarol toxic against the
  settlement of the cyprid stage of Balanus
  amphitrite, and for their growth inhibitory
  activity on fouling micro and macroorganisms.
  (Tsoukatou et al., 2007).

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conclusion

• Bio fouling remedial measures move towards
  nontoxic antifoulants.
• Marine lives such as corals, sponges, marine
  plants, and dolphins, etc., prevent the surface
  of their bodies with antifouling substances
  without causing serious environmental problems.
• Therefore, these substances may be expected to be
  used, as new environmental friendly antifouling
  agents, especially those having highly
  anesthetic, repellent, and settlement inhibitory
  properties, etc., without showing biocidal
  properties, are desirable.

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• Many of the antifouling substances are found from
  these marine animals, marine plants and
  microorganisms.
• Natural products antifoulants consist mainly of
  five kinds of compound such as terpenes,
  nitrogen-containing compounds, phenols, steroids
  and others.
• These are produced from sponges, corals,
  starfishes, mussels, algae, terrestrial plants,
  etc.These compounds are considered to play an
  important role in the antifouling mechanism of
  marine organisms (Omae, 2006).
• Microorganisms from the marine environment are
  less exploited for producing environmental
  friendly antifouling compounds.

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• In future, we expect to utilize some natural
  products, their synthetic derivatives or their
  mixtures as eco-friendly antifouling agents.
• Using natural methods may be more cost effective
  than specialized coatings, materials, or
  techniques.
• These industries' research might serve to
  overcome the still-common misconception that
  businesses cannot remain profitable without
  harming the environment.
• Research is still needed to determine the exact
  method of applying this knowledge.

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