Exploring Minority Enclave Areas in Montr

1
Exploring Minority Enclave Areas in Montréal,
Toronto, and Vancouver

• Daniel Hiebert
• Metropolis British Columbia and Geography, UBC
• June, 2009

2
Acknowledgement

• Thanks to Multiculturalism Branch of CIC (was in
  Heritage when this research was commissioned)
• Thanks to Canadian Heritage for access to a
  special tabulation of data

3
Outline

• Context Growing interest in the geography of
  immigrant settlement and social diversity
• Basic questions motivating the study
• Methodology Neighbourhood typology
• Analysis Enclave dynamics in MTV
• Conclusion Should we be concerned?

4
1. The context Growing public interest

• Are poor, 'ethnic' areas cages? Doug Saunders The
  Globe Mail. 2 March 2009
• How best to serve students in culturally
  clustered schools? Educators debate need for
  same-culture role models amid reality of
  'segregated' schools Louise Brown. Toronto Star.
  May 20, 2008. pg. A.6
• In urban areas, minorities no longer Visible
  minorities dominate some Toronto suburbs Graeme
  Hamilton. National Post. Apr 3, 2008. pg. A.1
• In praise of ghettoes San Grewal. Toronto Star.
  Feb 2, 2008. pg. ID.2
• New immigrants to GTA choosing suburbs over city,
  Uof T study finds Natalie Alcoba. National Post.
  Apr 1, 2008. pg. A.9
• Do ethnic enclaves impede integration? Marina
  Jiménez. The Globe and Mail. Feb 8, 2007. pg. A.8

5
Interest from government and NGOs
6
Why the interest?

• Maybe the micro-patterns of residential location
  are irrelevant to national public policy
• But
• The media makes these inescapable issues
• Housing is fundamental to the settlement process
• where can tell you a lot about how (i.e., how
  well is integration going?)

7
Further potential connections and questions

• Are worsening economic outcomes for newcomers
  linked to their geography of settlement?
• Are cultures of poverty being developed, of
  immigrants / visible minorities adopting
  defeatist attitudes and transmitting them to
  their Canadian-born children?
• Could this be a source of social tension?
• Is there a possibility of race-based riots, as in
  some other countries? (Diane Francis Martin
  Collacott)

8
Academic work

• In general enclaves are interpreted in polarized
  terms
• As revealing economic marginalization and a lack
  of assimilation / integration
• Or as helpful social environments essential to
  the well-being of newcomers and members of
  minority groups

9
International context

• These questions are at the forefront of public
  debate in many countries, especially in Europe
• Terrorist acts, riots (UK, France),
  politically-motivated murder (Netherlands), have
  all contributed to these concerns
• Several countries have even adopted
  desegregation policies
• Public opinion is sharply negative of perceived
  minority isolation

10
Qualification

• There are VERY FEW studies of social life and
  attitudes in Canadian minority enclaves
• Ironically, for all the attention to this issue,
  we know little
• This study broad statistical overview of
  enclaves in MTV
• But it cannot answer many critical questions
  need more research

11
2. Questions motivating this study

• How has the residential geography of Visible
  Minority groups changed between 1996 and 2006?
• Are enclaves becoming more prevalent in MTV?
• What is the socio-economic profile of Visible
  Minority enclaves?
• Who lives in them? Who does not? Are there
  systematic differences between these
  sub-populations?
• Are enclaves ethnoculturally homogeneous?
• What is the relationship between enclaves and
  poverty?
• Where are the areas of concern, where we find
  overlapping social isolation and socio-economic
  marginalization?
• What is the demographic profile of these areas of
  concern?

12
3. Methodology

• Defining enclaves Neighbourhood typology
• Census data

13
Defining enclaves

• There is no perfect measure
• Definitions of enclaves vary
• Traditional urban geography maps and indices of
  segregation between groups
• Emerging international comparative method using
  neighbourhood typology

14
Neighbourhood types (after Poulson et al 2001)

• I. White areas (citadels) or Isolated host
  communities at least 80 White
• II. White dominant areas between 50-80 White
• III. Mixed, Visible-Minority dominant areas
  50-70 Visible Minority
• IV. Mixed minority enclaves at least 70
  Visible minority but no dominant group
• V. Minority group enclaves as above but with
  one group gt2x any other group
• VI. Ghettoes when 60 of a group are in Type
  V areas (does not occur in Canada)

15
Utility of the typology approach

• Conceptually simple
• Easy to calculate (based on Census Tract units of
  measurement)
• Possibility of international comparison
• The types are probably meaningful in lived
  experience, though this needs investigation to
  verify

16
Based on the types, what do we ask?

• Change over time (census-gtcensus)
• Distribution of different groups
• Association between neighbourhood types and other
  variables, especially poverty
• Another study generational dynamics

17
4. Results of the analysis

• Question 1 Are more people living in enclaves in
  MTV?
• No and yes

18
Residential change in Montreal
19
Residential change in Toronto
20
Residential change in Vancouver
21
How does this compare?

• 2000 USA The typical African-American person
  (12 of population) lives in a census tract that
  is 51 Black, 33 White, 16 Other (more than 4x
  over-representation)
• 2001 Vancouver The typical Chinese-Canadian
  person (17 of population) lives in a census
  tract that is 46 White, 34 Chinese, 20 other
  (2x over-representation)

22
Results

• Question 2 Who lives in / outside enclaves?

23
Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006 Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006 Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006 Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006 Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006 Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006 Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006
Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types
  I II III IV V Total
Population, 2006 - 100 data 2,484,293 963,553 150,281 23,535 6,639 3,628,301
68.5 26.6 4.1 0.6 0.2 100.0
Owned () 60.4 41.6 23.2 10.0 13.1 53.5
Median household income () 58,373 44,686 32,356 26,704 30,702 53,405
Non-official home languages () 5.9 22.4 42.3 46.2 42.4 12.1
Immigrants 2001 to 2006 2.4 7.9 15.2 22.5 15.1 4.5
Visible minority population 7.9 29.3 56.9 78.0 70.3 16.2
University degree 25.4 29.6 26.0 29.1 32.4 26.6
Unemployment rate 5.7 9.2 14.4 16.8 15.6 7.1
Government transfers ( income) 11.1 15.4 24.4 29.4 29.3 13.0
Prevalence of low income () 18.6 30.4 45.2 58.8 61.8 23.2
24
Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006 Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006 Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006 Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006 Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006 Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006 Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006
Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types
  I II III IV V Total
Population, 2006 - 100 data 1,231,778 1,853,519 1,003,231 306,054 710,907 5,105,489
24.1 36.3 19.7 6.0 13.9 100.0
Owned () 74.6 65.7 64.5 57.0 69.0 67.6
Median household income () 83,633 69,399 63,333 56,514 61,119 69,716
Non-official home languages () 9.5 23.6 33.7 40.8 48.3 26.7
Immigrants 2001 to 2006 2.7 7.6 11.7 14.8 15.4 8.7
Visible minority population 10.5 33.7 59.4 78.7 81.5 42.5
University degree 33.2 33.1 31.2 28.7 32.2 32.3
Unemployment rate 5.0 6.4 7.7 9.1 8.5 6.8
Government transfers ( income) 6.0 8.7 10.9 13.5 11.9 9.2
Prevalence of low income () 9.9 17.8 23.2 29.7 26.4 18.9
25
Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006 Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006 Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006 Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006 Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006 Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006 Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006
Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types
  I II III IV V Total
Population, 2006 - 100 data 491,140 759,988 551,292 28,596 285,560 2,116,576
23.2 35.9 26.1 1.3 13.5 100.0
Owned () 75.0 59.3 64.6 63.9 65.2 65.2
Median household income () 67,410 57,302 53,636 51,871 49,196 57,526
Non-official home languages () 6.7 19.3 36.9 50.6 52.6 25.9
Immigrants 2001 to 2006 2.6 6.4 9.7 10.4 11.7 7.2
Visible minority population 12.3 32.7 58.2 82.0 78.0 41.3
University degree 27.4 34.4 30.7 25.7 28.7 30.9
Unemployment rate 4.2 5.5 6.4 6.6 6.7 5.6
Government transfers ( income) 7.3 7.7 10.2 14.2 12.5 9.0
Prevalence of low income () 9.8 17.2 19.4 19.0 22.3 16.8
26
Results

• Generalizations
• Montreal few live in enclaves but they are part
  of the landscape of deep deprivation
• Irony penalty is highest in the city with the
  least enclave development
• Toronto and Vancouver culture gap is large but
  socio-economic gap is less significant
• Less penalty for residents of these areas
• Interesting point in general residents of
  single-group-dominant areas (Type V) are better
  off than those in multiple-group enclaves

27
What about members of VM groups inside vs.
outside enclaves?

• Are there systematic differences?
• Yes, but in several important aspects they are
  not large

28
(No Transcript)
29
Results

• Question 3 How ethno-culturally diverse are
  enclaves?
• Expectation much less diverse than mixed areas
• Method count number of groups across areas

30
Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006 Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006 Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006 Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006 Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006 Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006 Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006

  I II III IV V Total
Montréal 17.7 21.8 24.0 26.7 22.0 20.0
Toronto 23.6 25.8 26.7 28.4 23.7 25.3
Vancouver 24.8 27.0 24.3 18.5 17.4 24.1
Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles
31
(No Transcript)
32
Results

• Question 4 What is the relationship between
  enclaves and poverty?
• Logic of a 2x2 table
• Enclave (Types IV and V) vs. areas of double avg.
  LICO
• If enclave poverty, then everyone should be in
  the cells on the major diagonal

33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
Areas of deepest poverty

• Vancouver Downtown Eastside not an immigrant
  area
• Montreal most of the neighbourhoods in deep
  poverty are not immigrant / minority areas
• Toronto deep poverty tends to be associated with
  immigrants and / or minorities (but it is also
  the CMA with the highest ratio of immigrants)

38
Results

• Question 5 Who lives in economically
  marginalized enclaves?
• MTV age is not a significant variable
• In M and T, residents of these areas are likely
  to be less educated than those outside them but
  the relationship is reversed in Vancouver
• Montreal South Asians
• Toronto Blacks and South Asians
• Vancouver Chinese

39
Reflections (1)

• Growing number of newcomers / members of VM
  groups
• And this is, generally, an economically
  disadvantaged population
• But also a highly variegated one
• And with a high desire to purchase equity in the
  housing market
• This population generally gravitates to areas of
  cheaper housing, either rental (especially social
  housing) or for purchase
• Residential landscapes areas of social housing,
  condominiums, and single-detached suburban houses
• As this happens, Visible Minorities move away
  from White-dominated neighbourhoods

40
Reflections (2)

• But generally NOT to areas of economic
  deprivation
• The trajectory is toward classic enclaves, not
  ghettoes
• Non-rigorous evidence also suggests that they are
  NOT areas with anti-mainstream attitudes (in
  contrast to the banlieu areas of Paris) this
  needs further study
• Also see high education levels of enclaves
• And there is actually an interesting mix of
  ethnic dominance / diversity in these areas

41
Reflections (3)

• But there are some areas that we should classify
  as both enclaves and marginalized
• 3.8 of VM population in Montreal, 5.4 in
  Toronto, and 2.6 in Vancouver
• These areas tend to be associated with negative
  stereotypes
• This is an important social policy issue
• That is, enclaves IN GENERAL are not a policy
  issue, but marginalized enclaves are
• Should the fix be geographical?

42
Reflections (4)

• There are important differences across MTV
• In the scale of enclave development
• In the growth of enclave areas
• In the groups living in enclaves
• In the socio-economic nature of enclaves
• No single-policy solution