Chapters 11

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Chapters 11 12

• Adolescence
• Psyc311 Developmental
• Dr. Wright

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Definition of Puberty

• Pubertas Latin word for adult
• Narrow definition The process by which an
  individual becomes capable of reproduction.
• The activation of the HPG/HPA axis
• Broad definition The physical, psychological,
  and cultural changes that occur as the growing
  child transitions into adulthood.

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Time Periods of Adolescence

• Early adolescence 10 to 13 years old
• Continues to be pushed earlier
• Middle adolescence 14 to 17 years old
• Late adolescence (early adulthood) 18 to 22
  years old
• Continues to be pushed later?

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physical changes

• Primary sex characteristics
• The body organs and reproductive structures and
  functions that differ between women and men.
• Gonads (testes and ovaries)
• Secondary sex characteristics
• Characteristics of the body that are caused by
  hormones, develop during puberty, and last
  through adult life.
• Changes in genitals/breasts/voice
• Pubic/body/facial hair

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Tanner Stages

• Sexual maturation in girls
• Growth of breasts/pubic hair
• Body growth
• Menarche
• Underarm hair/oil sweat glands
• Age of onset 7 13 years

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Tanner Stages

• Sexual maturation in boys
• Growth of testes/pubic hair
• Body growth
• Growth of penis/change of voice
• Facial and underarm hair/oil sweat glands
• Age of onset 9.5 13.5 years

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• Rapid acceleration of physical growth
• Adolescent growth spurt
• 3.5 (girls) to 4.0 (boys) inches/year
• ½ adult weight gained during adolescence
• Changes in body composition
• 31 muscle to body fat ratio for boys
• 54 for girls
• Emergence of sex differences in physical
  performance
• Changes in circulatory and respiratory systems
• Increase in size/capacity of heart and lungs

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Two Roles of Hormones

• Organizational role (life-long)
• Modification of the organism early in life
• primarily influencing its anatomy
• Organization/structure of CNS
• Feminine vs. masculan-ized brain
• Activational role (specific to puberty)
• Structural remodeling of brain
• Increase in salience of sexual stimuli, sexual
  motivation
• Development of secondary sex characteristics

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Hormone Regulatory System

• Endocrine system
• HPA axis
• Hypothalamus ? Pituitary gland ? Adrenals
• Corticosteroids
• Regulates bodys response to stress
• HPG axis
• Hypothalamus ? Pituitary gland ? Gonads
  (Testes/Ovaries)
• Sex Hormones (Androgens/Estrogens)
• Regulates sexual maturation

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The biological changes of puberty can affect the
adolescents behavior in at least three ways
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impacts of puberty

• Self-esteem
• Body image
• Moods
• Fluctuation of moods
• Due to hormones or environment?
• Storm and stress myth or fact?
• Sleep patterns
• Delayed phase preference
• 9 hours 1 am to 10 am
• Family relations
• Transformation of parent-child bond
• Peer relations
• Transformation of friendships, romantic
  relationships

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Timing - individual Factors

• Genetic factors
• Timing and tempo
• Environmental factors
• Nutrition
• Body weight
• Health care
• Exposure to hormones/chemicals
• Family conflict
• Stepfathers

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Timing - group Factors

• Comparisons across socioeconomic groups
• Impact of poverty
• Dietary intake, health care, exposure to disease
• Comparisons across countries
• Comparisons across time periods
• Secular trend

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Early Maturation

• Boys
• Early maturation positives
• Popularity, higher self-esteem
• Early maturation negatives
• Deviant, risk behaviors more rigidity later
• Girls
• Early maturation positives
• Popularity (cultural dependence)
• Early maturation negatives
• Lower self-esteem, eating disorders, emotions,
  deviant behaviors

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Late Maturation

• Boys
• Late maturation positives
• Higher levels of creativity, inventiveness
• Late maturation negatives
• Low self-esteem, low social competence
• Girls
• Late maturation positives
• Thinner build
• Late maturation negatives
• Social withdrawal

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Among the most important brain changes to take
place at adolescence are those in the prefrontal
cortex and limbic system.
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The second wave.

• Longitudinal fMRI studies reveal
• Period of rapid synaptogenesis and pruning
• Comparable to 1st 3 yrs of life
• Growth starts with onset of puberty
• Pruning 1 of gray matter/yr
• Increased myelination (back to front)
• Opportunity for massive cognitive growth and
  learning
• Shift into Piagets formal operations

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heightened arousal

• Increased hormone activity
• estrogen testosterone
• Sexual stimulation
• Social status conflict
• Increased neurotransmitter activity
• Limbic system
• heightened emotional sensitivity/reactivity
• norepinephrine
• Punishment/reward system
• increased risk, stimulation-seeking behaviors
• dopamine
• Fluctuations in mood
• Serotonin

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(Pre) frontal lobe development

• Final development of executive function
• Planning/problem-solving
• Impulse control
• Seat of sober 2nd thought
• Processing of emotions
• Understanding/responding to emotions
• Full Maturation sometime between adolescence
  and early adulthood
• Coincides with child-onset schizophrenia
• Failure in executive functioning

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Timing of brain maturation

• Limbic system matures early in puberty
• Prefrontal cortex matures several years later
• Heightened need for reward/stimulation
• leads to increased stimulation-seeking behaviors
• Underdeveloped sober assessment of risks
• Increased cognitive/social demands
• Creates cognitive overload
• Difficulty with impulse control
• Time gap may explain why adolescence is a period
  of heightened experimentation with risky
  behaviors
• Increased violence
• kids under 18 account for 25 of violent crime in
  US
• Drug alcohol experimentation
• Unsafe sexual activities

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Adolescents whose prefrontal cortical development
is less mature than normal are more likely to
have conduct problems. Populations most at risk?
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Social implications

• What should the social attitudes be about
  adolescent exposure to and involvement in
  high-stimulation/high-risk activities?
• Sexual Activity
• Drugs Alcohol
• Violence

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Teen pregnancy

• 750,000 teens between 15-19 years old become
  pregnant every year.
• 2/3rds between 18-19 years old.
• African American teens have highest rate
• 134/1,000 vs. 48/1,1000 Caucasian teenagers
• 57 end in birth (11 of all births in US)
• 14 end in miscarriage
• 29 end in abortion
• 82 of those pregnancies were unintended

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risk factors

• Physical
• Sexual maturation
• 4-5 years before psychological/emotional
  maturation
• Becoming longer as puberty starts earlier
• Brain development
• Heightened activation of limbic system
• Increased attraction to risky behaviors
• Pre-frontal development incomplete

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• SES factors
• 50 of pregnancies occur in most impoverished
  populations
• Less opportunity for education
• Less access to birth control
• Reduced internal locus of control
• Exposure to other risk factors
• drugs, alcohol, abuse, lack of parental
  monitoring
• Desire for family/stability

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consequences

• Should we be concerned about this?
• For teenage parents
• mother in particular
• For baby
• For families
• For community
• Methods of prevention?

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Why is teenage pregnancy higher in the US?
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Impact of substance abuse

• Alcohol/drug abuse
• Greater potential impairment in learning
• More widespread brain damage
• Repeated exposure may effect path and quality of
  development
• Due to reduction in plasticity, this damage
  cannot be corrected later!
• So, does this mean all experimentation with
  drugs/alcohol bad?

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• Should we be worried about exposure to graphic
  violence through media?
• Why or why not?