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Introduction to Psychology (HECS 1021)

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Title: Introduction to Psychology (HECS 1021)


1
Introduction to Psychology(HECS 1021)
  • Lecture 1
  • The Main Perspectives
  • (Lecture by Janet Jagger)

2
What is Psychology ?
  • Psychology is the science that studies behaviour
    and the physiological and mental processes that
    underlie it it is also the profession that
    applies the accumulated knowledge of this science
    to practical problems (Weiten and Lloyd, 2000)
  • There are many different areas of study in
    Psychology
  • There are several major approaches or
    perspectives

3
The Biological Perspective
  • the brain and Central Nervous System
  • Hemispheric specialisation
  • Functional areas of the brain
  • Effect of trauma and disease on brain and
    behaviour
  • Genetic influences on behaviour
  • Hormonal action
  • Effects of drugs

4
In this module we will
  • Discuss some examples of changes in behaviour or
    personality which occur when there are
    physiological (biological) changes
  • Learn about how stress affects the body and the
    mind

5
Psychodynamic Perspective
  • This perspective includes all the diverse
    theories descended from the work of Sigmund
    Freud, which focus on unconscious mental forces.
  • Structure of personality
  • Development through Psychosexual Stages
  • Internal conflict and defence mechanisms

6
In this module we will
  • Discuss defence mechanisms used in everyday /
    healthcare settings
  • Consider the concepts of transference and
    counter-transference in relationships between
    staff and clients
  • Encounter the concept of attachment

7
Behavioural Perspective
  • Behaviourism is a theoretical orientation based
    on the premise that scientific psychology should
    study observable behaviour
  • Focus on development through learning
  • How we are shaped through classical conditioning,
    operant conditioning and observational learning

8
In this module we will
  • Understand how some irrational fears or phobias
    are learned
  • Acknowledge the importance of the concept of
    reinforcement in shaping patterns of behaviour
  • Consider how behaviour is often modelled on that
    of significant others

9
The Cognitive Perspective
  • This is the study of reportable mental processes
  • The cognitive approach focuses on how people
    receive, mentally represent , and store
    information how they perceive and process that
    information and how cognitive processes are
    related to patterns of behaviour
  • Domains of cognitive psychology include study
    of memory, perception, decision making,
    intelligence, problem solving .

10
In this module we will
  • Concentrate on the application of cognitive
    psychology to two areas
  • the cognitive appraisal (perception) of Stress
    and
  • Memory and information processing which helps
    us in giving information to clients

11
The Humanistic Perspective
  • Humanism is a theoretical orientation that
    emphasises the unique qualities of humans,
    especially their free will and their potential
    for personal growth
  • This approach developed in the 1950s as a
    backlash against the main perspectives
    behavioural and psychodynamic theories
  • Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

12
In this module we will
  • Consider how healthcare professionals can use
    Maslows Hierarchy in planning care of clients,
    to meet individual needs
  • Understand how Rogers client- centred principles
    can be used in many interactions with clients

13
Think About This
  • Why is it generally considered useful for
    healthcare students to study psychology ?
  • With reference to the main perspectives outlined,
    think about different types of encounters that
    healthcare professionals have with patients can
    you give possible applications of the different
    psychological perspectives?

14
  • Lecture Janet Jagger. Lecturer and Module
    Manager. HECS 1021 Introduction to Psychology.
    School of Healthcare Studies, University of Leeds.
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