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• The Great War

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The Great War

• The war ended on November 11, 1918 with a
  cease-fire
• A peace conference was held on January 8, 1919,
  attended by 32 countries
• The main role was taken by the Big Four
  President Wilson of America, Prime Minister David
  Lloyd George of Great Britain, Premier Georges
  Clemenceau of France, and Premier Vittorio
  Orlando of Italy

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The Great War Casualties

• The total number of military and civilian
  casualties was over 35 million. There were over
  15 million deaths and 20 million wounded
• The total number of deaths includes about 10
  million military personnel and about 7 million
  civilians. The Allied Powers (also known as the
  Allies) lost about 6.0 million soldiers while the
  Central Powers lost about 4.0 million.

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The Great War Casualties
About 2/3 of military deaths in World War I were
in battle, unlike the conflicts that took place
in the 19th century when the majority of deaths
were due to disease. Improvements in medicine
as well as the increased lethality of military
weaponry were both factors in this development.
Nevertheless disease, including the Spanish
flu, still caused about 1/3 of total military
deaths for all belligerents.
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Treaty of Versailles

• A peace agreement which marked the end of World
  War I, was signed on June 28, 1919 by Germany and
  the Allies
• In addition to ending the war with Germany, it
  also formed the League of Nations
• This peace conference held in Paris and was
  signed in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of
  Versailles

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Treaty of Versailles

• Separate agreement was also made with the allies
  of Germany
• Treaty of Saint-Germain with Austria
• Treaty of Trianon with Hungary
• Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria
• Sèvres Treaty with Turkey

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Treaty of Versailles

• United States Senate rejected the treaty, in part
  because of objections on the part forming the
  League of Nations
• Wilson did not achieve fair and just peace
• U.S. signed a separate treaty with Germany-1921
• Germany denounced the Treaty of Versailles as an
  evil and unjust

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Treaty of Versailles

• The agreement has 15 sections. Part I is the
  Covenant (Constitution) of the League of Nations.
  Provisions are made for the Permanent Court of
  International Justice. Section XIII created the
  International Labor Organization. The other part
  dealt with the boundaries of Germany, the
  creation of new states in Europe, the war
  reparations, and other matters.

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Financial Clauses

• Reparations
• Germany was to pay for the damage caused by the
  war. The figure of 6,600 million was set some
  time after the signing of the treaty

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Territorial Clauses

• Anschluss - Germany was not allowed to unite with
  Austria
• Land - Germany lost land to a number of other
  countries. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to
  France, German lands were given to Belgium and
  Denmark. Land was also taken from Germany and
  given to Czechoslovakia and Poland

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Troops off to war
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Lost German Regions and Colonies

• Germany lost all its colonies, territories under
  the auspices of the League of Nations
• German colonies in East Africa and West Africa
  became British and French property, and in the
  Pacific the German colonies were given to
  Australia Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and Japan

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Military Clauses

• German soldiers are limited to 100,000 officers
  and enlisted, no tanks, navy reduced to a few
  small ships, no submarines and the air force
  banned
• Allied (French) troops stationed west shore of
  the Rhine for 15 years. East of the River Rhine,
  Germanys defense is prohibited within a radius
  of 50 kilometers of the river

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Other Sanctions To Germany

• In the agreement it was decided Kaiser William II
  should be tried as a war criminal. But the former
  emperor had fled to the Netherlands, and the
  Dutch government refused to surrender to the
  Allies.

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War Guilt Clause

• The agreement also decided Germany should be
  responsible for all loss and damage caused by the
  war and pay for the rehabilitation of the damage
  on civilians. Although the Germans pay some
  compensation, this program proved to be
  impractical and ended in 1931

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REVIEW The major terms were

• Germany accepted full responsibility for starting
  the war
• The German Kaiser and other officials would be
  tried for war crimes
• Alsace and Lorraine would return to France
• The German military would become a self defense
  force only
• German financial reparations to the tune of US
  31 Billion (1919) would be paid, in gold, to the
  Allies.

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Paris 1919Six Months That Changed the Worldby
Margaret MacMillan