Introducing your stars of the day

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Introducing your stars of the day

• CELLS!

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The Dynamic Duo!

• There are two types of cells
• Cells w/internal, membrane-bound structures
• Cells without!
• PROKARYOTES
• -Form unicellular organisms (bacteria)
• -No membrane-bound structures
• (Remember what the root pro means?)
• 2) EUKARYOTES
• -Form multicellular organisms (plants and
  animals)
• -Contain membrane-bound structures called
  ORGANELLES

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Cell Head ShotsPolly Prokaryote
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Cell Head ShotsEric Eukaryote
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The Cast!
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Setting the Stage for Cell Activities!

• The cell has to maintain a balance (homeostasis)
  of nutrients and wastes. It has to keep its
  audience happy!
• In comes the PLASMA MEMBRANE!
• Boundary between cell and environment
• Allows nutrients in and waste out
• Regulates levels of nutrients/wastes in cell

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Behind the Scenes Plasma Membrane!

• SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY!
• Do you have a backstage pass?
• The plasma membrane of a cell allows some
  molecules into the cell, but keeps others out.
• Some molecules are allowed in freely, like water,
  whereas others have limited access, like sodium.
• Limited access molecules have to enter through
  special doors called PROTEIN CHANNELS.

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Building the Set!

• Structure of the Plasma Membrane
• THE INFAMOUS PHOSPHOLIPID BI-LAYER!
• Remember that a lipid is what makes up a fat!
• Phospho- refers to a Phosphate group from the
  element Phosphorus
• Bi- means 2 so it must be 2 layers!

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The Set in Progress
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Building the Set!

• Structure of the Plasma Membrane
• BRRRR! Polar and Non-Polar ends!
• The fatty acid (lipid) tails are NONPOLAR.
• NONPOLAR means they hate water and prevent
  certain water-insoluble molecules from entering
  the cell!
• The head is POLAR.
• POLAR means it loves water and helps to bring
  water into the cell!

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The Pre-Show ActThe Fluid Mosaic Model!

• The movement of molecules in and out of the
  plasma membrane is described by the FLUID MOSAIC
  MODEL.
• It is fluid because the membrane is flexible!
• The membrane moves with the currents, just like
  waves on a lake.
• The imbedded proteins move like boats on the
  surface of the lake (above and below)
• These proteins form a pattern or mosaic on the
  surface of the membrane.
• TRANSPORT PROTEINS are the proteins that move the
  nutrients/wastes through the membrane.

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The Pre-Show ActThe Fluid Mosaic Model!
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The Tech Crew!

• General Cell Organelles
• What does organelle sound like?
• ORGANS! Each organ serves a purpose in your
  body.
• Likewise, each organelle has its own function in
  the cell.
• The organelles work together to help the cell
  function properly.

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The Tech Crew CELL WALL

• Found in plant cells, fungi, bacteria
• Rigid structure located outside plasma membrane
• Provides additional protection and support
• Inflexible barrier, yet porous
• Made of CELLULOSE in plants
• Not selectively permeable

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The Tech CrewCELL WALL
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The Tech CrewNUCLEUS

• The leader of the cell!
• Contains directions to make proteins which run
  the cell functions
• Directions are found in CHROMATIN (DNA
  strands)
• BRAIN of the cell!

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The Tech CrewNUCLEUS
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The Tech CrewNUCLEOLUS

• Located within the nucleus
• Makes RIBOSOMES
• RIBOSOMES are the sites at which enzymes and
  proteins are made
• Ribosomes move out of the nucleolus and the
  nucleus through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm
• There is a nuclear envelope outside the nucleus
  that contains these pores.

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The Tech CrewNUCLEOLUS
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The Tech CrewCYTOPLASM

• Clear, gelatinous (Jello-like) fluid in cell
• Proteins are made in the cytoplasm

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The Tech Crew!ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• Site of cellular chemical reactions Highly folded
  membranes in cytoplasm
• Large workplace in cell for protein synthesis
• Folds allow for a large surface area to be stored
  in a small space in the cell
• Ribosomes attach to ER and it is called ROUGH ER
• Area of ER without ribosomes are called SMOOTH ER

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The Tech CrewENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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The Tech CrewGOLGI APPARATUS

• Flattened system of tubular membranes
• After proteins are made in ER they are
  transported to Golgi apparatus
• Sorts proteins and packages them to be sent
  throughout the body (Like mail!)

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The Tech CrewGOLGI APPARATUS
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The Tech CrewVACUOLES

• Stores materials temporarily
• Sac surrounded by membrane
• Store food, enzymes, wastes

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The Tech CrewLYSOSOMES

• Contain digestive enzymes
• Digest excess or worn out organelles, food
  particles, viruses or bacteria
• Membrane protects lysosomes from digesting
  itself! (like the lining of your stomach!)
• The Garbage Men of the cell!

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The Tech CrewLYSOSOMES
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The Tech CrewCHLOROPLASTS

• Capture light energy and produce food for storage
• Have a membrane
• Found in plant cells only!

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The Tech CrewMITOCHONDRIA

• Transforms energy for cell
• POWERHOUSE of cell!
• Has an outer and highly folded inner membrane to
  fit large surface area into a small space

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The Tech CrewCYTOSKELETON

• What does CYTE mean?
• So CYTOSKELETON is a CELL SKELETON!
• Composed of tiny rods and filaments to form a
  framework to help support cell
• Constantly changing structure

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The Tech CrewCYTOSKELETON
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The Show Must Go OnSPECTACULAR CELLS!!!