2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

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2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of
the digestive system
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Gastric juices

• Enteroendocrine glands
• secretes gastrin, which stimulates cells to
  produce hydrochloric acid (HCL) and pepsinogen.
• Parietal cells
• produce HCL, which converts pepsinogen into
  pepsin and destroys bacteria and microorganisms
  that enter the stomach.
• Bodys natural sterilizer
• Produces intrinsic factor which is essential for
  B12 absorption

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Gastric juices

• Chief type cells
• Produce Pepsinogen which converts to pepsin
• Pepsin breaks down protein into smaller pieces
  called protease and peptone
• Mucus cells
• Secrete alkaline mucus which helps neutralize the
  effects of HCL acid and other digestive juices
• Rennin
• found in infants and children, not in adults
• Prepares milk proteins for digestion by other
  enzymes

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Processes of digestion and their relevance to
health

• Chemical Change food by digestive juices into
  the end products of fat, carbohydrates, and
  protein
• Physical break food into smaller pieces

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Processes of digestion and their relevance to
health

• Absorption nutrients enter the blood
  capillaries of the small intestine for use in the
  body
• Elimination waste products of digestion

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News Flash... New treatment!!!!

• Fecal transplant
• Allows the bacteria from the healthy stool to
  repopulate the gut of the patient who has lost
  healthy bacteria in their gut

• Used to treat Clostridium difficile that grows in
  human intestines
• Symptoms range from persistent diarrhea to
  life-threatening inflammation of the colon to
  death

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Humor
Potty Trivia...

• What can healthcare professionals learn from
  observing stool specimens?

• On average, how much flatus does a person produce
  per day? 1-3 pts/day

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Act of Digestion

• Ingestion
• Mastication
• Digestion
• Secretion
• Absorption
• Excretion

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Digestive System Disorders

• Anorexia nervosa
• refusal to eat not because of lose of appetite
• Psychiatric disorder
• Distorted body image
• Fear of wgt gain
• Amenorrhea
• Wgt loss of 25 of original body wgt

• Anorexia
• Decreased or poor appetite
• Symptoms

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Caries

• Decay of tooth or bone
• The acids in plaque damage the enamel covering
  your teeth, and create holes in the tooth
• If symptoms occur, they may include
• Tooth pain or achy feeling
• Visible pits or holes in the teeth
• Prevention- use of flouride , brushing and
  flossing

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Cleft palate

• a fissure or openinga gap in the palate may be
  either soft, hard or both
• can be successfully treated with surgery

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Cholelithiasis
Cholecystitis Inflammation of gallbladder.

• Gallstones
• Can block the bile duct causing pain in back
  between the shoulder blades and digestive
  disorders, can cause jaundice
• Small ones may pass on their own, large ones
  surgically removed
• Surgical removal of gallbladder Cholecystectomy

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Gastroenteritis

• Inflammation of mucous membrane lining of stomach
  and intestine
• Common cause Virus
• Symps diarrhea and vomiting for 24-36 hours
• Complication dehydration

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Cirrhosis

• abnormal structure and function of the liver
• Chronic progressive disease of the liver
• Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective
  tissue
• 75 caused by excessive alcohol consumption

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causes of cirrhosis

• chemicals (such as alcohol, fat, and certain
  medications)
• viruses, toxic metals (such as iron and copper
  that accumulate in the liver as a result of
  genetic diseases)
• autoimmune liver disease in which the body's
  immune system attacks the liver.

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Treatment of cirrhosis

• preventing further damage to the liver
• treating the complications of cirrhosis
• preventing liver cancer or detecting it early
• liver transplantation.

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Constipation

• When defecation delayed,
• feces becomes dry and
• hard
• RX diet with cereals,
• fruits, vegetables,
• (roughage) drinking plenty
• of fluids, exercise, and
• avoiding tension

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Causes of Constipation

• not getting enough fiber/water in the body
• A disruption of regular diet or routine
  traveling
• Inadequate activity or exercise or immobility
• Eating large amounts of dairy products
• Stress
• Obstipation
• a condition of extreme and persistent
  constipation caused by obstruction in the
  intestinal system

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Diarrhea

• Loose, watery, frequent bowel movements that pass
  along colon too rapidly
• Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness,
  toxic substances or irritants in food.
• Can cause dehydration

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

• Disorder that affects the sphincter muscle
  connecting the esophagus with the stomach
• The sphincter is weak or relaxes inappropriately

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Hepatitis
Which hepatitis virus has a vaccine?

• Acute
• Chronic
• A, B, C, D, E
• common symptoms
• Fever
• Nausea
• Anorexia
• jaundice

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Hepatitis A

• Infectious hepatitis
• Cause virus
• Spread through contaminated food or H2O

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Hepatitis B

• Serum Hepatitis
• Caused by virus found in blood
• Transmitted by blood transfusion or being stuck
  with contaminated needles (drug addicts)
• Health care workers at risk and should be
  vaccinated
• Use standard precautions for prevention

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Irritable bowel syndrome

• a symptom-based diagnosis characterized by
  chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and
  alteration of bowel habits
• no known organic cause
• Treatments attempt to relieve symptoms,
  including dietary adjustments, medication and
  psychological interventions

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Peptic ulcers

• Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining
  of the stomach
• Cause H. pylori (bacteria) is primary cause
• Lifestyle factors cigarette smoking, alcohol,
  stress, drugs.
• Sym. burning pain, may be relieved by eating
  or taking antacids.
• Diagnosis x-ray, presence of bacteria
• Rx H2 blockers ( drugs) that block release of
  histamine

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Peptic ulcers

• Gastric and duodenal ulcers
• Normally recurs in 50 to 80 of cases

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Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system

• Healthy dietary habits help maintain homeostasis
  of body systems

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Vitamins

• Fat Soluble- can be stored by the body
• A
• D
• E
• K
• Water soluable - cant be stored, excess excreted
  by body
• B
• C