Geography

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Geography

• Chapter 13-Population

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• Figure 13-1  To Making a graph
• Pg.316-324
• World Population Growth
• -3 times greater in the 20th century
• -6 billion in 1999
• -7 billion by 2020-watch pop. Video clip

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Definitions  Demography-statistical study of
human populations emigration-leaving a country to
live elsewhereEmigrate from Poland to
Canada immigration-coming into a country to
liveImmigrate to Canada from Greece migration-mov
ing from one area to another (within a
country-aka internal migration) census- done
every 10 years in Canada and a general one every
5 years. (pg.318)
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Demographics of Canada, Data of FAO, year 2005 
Number of inhabitants in thousands.
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• developed countries-a country with a highly
  developed economy, with a strong service sector
  and often an industrial base. high standards of
  living with high levels of literacy, health
  services, and food supplies
• developing countries- a country with an economy
  that depends more on primary industries, and
  citizens have a lower standard of living than
  those in developed countries.-watch clip

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• Crude birth (or death) rate (number of births(or
  deaths)/population) 1000
• Rule of 70- how long is doubling time for a
  population?
• Equation70/percent growth rate
• Population Growth Rate(net migration rate)
  (birth rate death rate)
• Canadas immigration includes economic migrants,
  refugees escaping persecution.
• The result of immigration to countries like
  Canada and the US is a multicultural population

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• Life before 1700s Hobbes describes it as  poor,
  nasty, brutish, and short 
• Life expectancy was 30 years
• Why? Disease, poor medical care, poor nutrition,
  unsanitary living conditions
• After 1750 death rates declined
• Why? Increases in food production (agricultural
  revolution), hygiene, and medical knowledge.
• Eventually there was a decreases in the birth
  rates in the more developed countries
• Why? People began to move into cities (children
  were not as needed to work in fields), increase
  in the standard of living, and economic
  development

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Demographic Transition Model  changes over a
period of time in three elements  birth rates,
death rates, and trends in overall population
numbers. Stage 1  High birth rates and high
fluctuating death rates result in small
population growth. Why? Plagues, diseases, and
poor nutrition keep mortality high. (many
countries in Africa today) Stage 2  Birth rates
are still high, so there is a rapid increase in
population numbers. Why? Improved health care,
sanitation, and increased food supplies lead to a
rapid fall in death rates. (Kenya) Stage 3 
Population growth begins to decline. Birth rates
begin to fall. Why? Industrialization,
urbanization, and improved living standards lead
to less desire for large families. (China)
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• Stage 4  The transition is complete to a low
  growth rate with low birth rates and death rates.
  The birth rate may fluctuate in special
  circumstances, such as the post-war  baby
  boom . (Canada)
• Stage 5  Birth rates drop below death rates.
  This is happening in some European coutnries and
  in Japan. It is not known if this trend will
  extend to other regions.
• Why? You tell me
• (Austria)
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v0dK3mL35nkkfeature
  related-watch clip

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Defintion Please Include! Fertility Rate Number
of children a woman can have over her
lifetime Problems Very High Birth
Rates -insufficient medical services- high infant
mortality -insufficient government funds for
education of a large, young population. Very Low
Birth Rates -a shortage of workers and
entrepreneurs for the future, unless countries
accept high levels of immigration. -fewer young
people to care for aging parents, resulting in
expensive care facilities Canada Now -has a low
death rate and a falling birth rate Stage 4 right
now in the demographic transition model.
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Age structure of Canadian population, 2001
The Age Structure of Populations Age structure 
composition of the population of a country based
on the age groups of the population. Demographers
divide in three  1) children up to the age of
fifteen 2) working adults from ages sixteen to
sixty-four 3) adults sixty-five and older.
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Dependency ratio  proportion of the population
that is being supported by the working age?13
being supported by 2 Dependency ratio (( under
15) ( over 65)) / ( 15 to 64) x 100
Canada1?21 Canada3?12 therefore dependency
load is 33 Bangladesh1?47 Bangladesh3?6
therefore dependency load is 53 Age structure
provides us with insights into problems that
could arise in the future resulting from a
predominantly old or young population.
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• Population Pyramids
• Population Pyramid  a graph that shows the age
  and sex structure of a population.
• A series of horizontal bar graphs for the male
  and female populations are placed back to back at
  age intervals of five years, called
  cohorts?structure of a population.
• Countries with high birth rates have many
  children and an expanding population. A stable
  population will have birth rates and death rates
  in balance, and a contracting population will
  have below higher death rates than birth rates.
• In general?
• expanding pyramidsdeveloping nations
• Stable pyramidsdeveloped countries
• http//www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html
• http//www.ined.fr/jeux.php?_movie/flash/d03/EN/D
  03WebSon.swftitrePopulation20pyramidlgen
• http//www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk/vtc/demographic_trans
  /eng/Introduction/Plenary.htm
• http//www.ined.fr/jeux.php?_moviechargement.swf?
  _moviesimulateur.swflgentitrePopulation20sim
  ulatorlgenjeuok

Early expanding
Expanding
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Contracting
Stable
Watch population pyramid video
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Can you match these population pyramids to the
demographic transition model? Take a few minutes
with a partner and look at the DTM and match it
with population pyramids For each stage!

• http//www.geographyalltheway.com/igcse_geography/
  population_settlement/population/igcse_popn_struct
  ure_revision.htm

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• Canadas population  The Past and the Future
• Why is an aging population considered a problem?
• Increase in medical and social services?government
  will need to spend money
• What is a population pyramid? What is its
  purpose?
• Statistics?population divided into gender and
  ages of people in area
• Balance between males/females
• Dependency ratio
• Stages of demographic transition
• Rate of population growth
• What are the effects of migration?
• Increase in immigrants?Increase in workers
  entrepreneurs
• Increase in immigrants?Payments of social and
  medical services due to taxes
• What if there was no immigration?
• Population decreases
• Aging population increases

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The One-Child Policy-Chinas solution
pg.331 Mountains and cold desert prevent western
China from supporting many people. 1980-the
government imposed the one-child policy to combat
a 900 million people population and a 1.57
percent annual growth rate Results of the
Policy Positive  birth rate cut in half
rapidly. worked well in urban areas where people
recognized it allowed them luxuries. two children
permitted if the first born was a daughter or was
disabled. Negative  sons are valued as labourers
and old age security so forced abortion and
infanticide can occur if the first-born is a girl
especially in rural areas Little Emperor
Syndome -single-child families have evolved
where child feels no obligation to family or
society. The policy is often ignored in rural
areas
Chinas population pyramid http//www.iiasa.ac.at/
Research/LUC/ChinaFood/images/anim/ch_all2.gif--cl
ick on bottom image during ppt http//www.iisg.nl/
landsberger/pop.html Watch China Video
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Where do Six Billion People Live? Why are there
more people in some areas of the world than in
other parts? Population distribution  the way
people are spaced over the earths
surface. Ecumene  The populated area of the
world Population density  number of people in
given area of land. (KMSQUAGE)
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World Population Distribution Dependent on the
GEOGRAPHY! The most densely populated areas are
north of the equator  Europe, Asia Relationship
to Landforms  Lowland areas- are the most
heavily populated (coastlines and river valleys
in, for example India, China, and Egypt) Highland
areas- sparsely populated, rugged and cold,
exception being in Switzerland, Japan, Java and
Philippines. Relationships to Climate  very low
populations in extremely cold and dry regions,
some exceptions being Israel (irrigations) and
Kuwait (oil wealth).
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• Population distribution  the pattern of where
  people live in an area.
• How is population distribution measured?
• Crude densities?shows how much one area can
  accommodate in terms of population
• Population densitypopulation/area
• Not accurate
• Example Canada?most of population lives in a
  small area not a lot of population live in large
  areaspopulation concentrated in cities.
• Nutritional densities  how much nutrition (in
  calories) can be produced from the land
• Area with good soil, adequate temperature, and
  rain for plants to grow have a higher nutritional
  density
• In the developing world, nutritional density is
  low
• Can the population of the world be fed?
• What was Malthus Idea? go to page four of your
  Geography package if you cant remember

Countries with poor nutrition
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http//www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/schools/gcsebitesize
/geography/quizengine http//www.geography.learnon
theinternet.co.uk/activities/population.html