Chapter 30 The War to End War

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Chapter 30The War to End War
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• Long Term Causes
• and
• Effects

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A country can not simultaneously prevent and
prepare for war.-- Albert Einstein
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Unification of Germany

• Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of German Empire
• Appointed by Wilhelm I, 1862
• Gained territory by Conducting series of wars
  with neighbors

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Unification of Italy and Germany in 1870

• In 1870s Italy and Germany became united
  countries for the first time.
• They too wanted an overseas empire.
• The result was that in the years up to 1900
  competition between European powers grew more
  intense.
• There was a scramble for territory, especially in
  Africa with its rich minerals and resources.

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Treaty Alliance SystemOne Alliance Too Many?

• The Dual Alliance1879
• Three Emperor's League1881
• Austro-Serbian Alliance1881
• The Triple Alliance1882
• The Austro-German-Romanian Alliance1883
• The Franco-Russian Alliance1894
• The Russo-Bulgarian Military Convention1902
• he Entente Cordiale1904
• The Anglo-Russian Entente1907
• The Triple Entente1907

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System of Alliances

• Between 1900 and 1914 the great powers of Europe
  became suspicious of each other and began to
  increase the size of their armed services
• Eventually this turned into an arms race.
• Both France and Britain were afraid of the
  Kaisers ambition to build a larger German Empire

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Nationalism / Self-Determination

• Desire of subject peoples for independence
• Especially in the Balkans

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The Quest for Empire

• In 1900 nearly everyone would have agreed with
  this statement made by a French Politician.
• A large Empire was important not only for trade
  but also national prestige.
• The larger your empire, the more important your
  country was.
• In 1800 France and Britain both had large
  empires, and these continued to grow throughout
  the nineteenth century.

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European Countries Empires in 1914

• This competition for colonies caused several
  disputes.
• For example, in 1906 and 1911 Germany and France
  argued about who should own Morocco.
• However none of these arguments lead to a war,
  but they did lead to resentment between European
  countries.

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Colonial Empires 1914
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Government Revenues in the Early 20th
CenturyThe size of the flag indicates the
relative size of the government's income
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Presidential Election of 1912
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Colonial Rivalries / Militarism

• Desire of independent nations for dominance and
  prestige
• Increase in military and naval forces
• More influence of the military men upon the
  policies of the civilian government
• Preference for force as a solution to problems.

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The Arms Race

• When the German Emperor Wilhelm II, known as the
  Kaiser I England, made this statement, other
  nations began to increase the size of their
  military.
• This led to the arms race.
• Between 1870 and 1914, military spending by
  European powers increased by 300 percent.
• After 1871 all major nations, except Britain,
  began conscription, forcing all men over 18 to
  serve for a period of time in their nations
  military.

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Rule the Waves!
In 1900 the only way to travel around the world
was by ship. Whichever country ruled the waves
could rule the world. Great Britain had the
largest navy in 1900. It had to be to protect
the British Empire.
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The Dreadnought, 1906

• However, Britain was beginning to believe it did
  not have enough resources to protect its vast
  Empire.
• In particular, Britain was worried about the
  growing size of the German navy.

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The Big Bertha - German

• The legendary Krupp's Big Bertha, a German 42cm
  howitzer of the type used to crush the Belgian
  fortresses in 1914.

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German and British Ships in 1914
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William Jennings Bryan, US Secretary of State

• The Imperial German Government will not expect
  the Government of the United States to omit any
  word or any act necessary to the performance of
  its sacred duty of maintaining the rights of the
  United States and its citizens and of
  safeguarding their free exercise and enjoyment.
• - William Jennings Bryan,Secretary of State

• They only way Germany could achieve this was by
  attacking and taking other European countries
  colonies
• Eventually each of the great powers realized if
  there was going to be a war they would need
  friends and allies to help them defeat their
  enemies.

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The British government wanted to encourage men to
enlist for war. They said the war would be safe,
hardly any fighting, a good lark and over by
Christmas. They used advertising posters to
encourage this idea!
A picture of soldiers going Over the Top
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The reality of going over the top was very
different!
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Be Ready! Join Now!
Posters always showed men ready and willing to
fight. They never showed the boredom of the
trenches or actual fighting taking place.
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Equipment needed by World War I Soldier
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Reality in the Trenches
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No smiling and relaxed faces No clean uniforms
Their equipment is scattered everywhere Boredom
and sleep are obvious
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Mass Devastation
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Freezing Winters
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The soldiers had very little decent food, and
what food they had was often attacked by
rats. These rats were the size of small rabbits
and badgers because they had fed on the
decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.
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Conditions for the Troops

• The weight of the clothing, rifle, 100 rounds,
  trench tools, webbing, the pack, rations and
  water has been estimated at 55 lbs.
• This was the minimum.
• Spare underwear, shaving and washing kit,
  cigarettes and matches and more had to be added.
• Often spare pieces of equipment like flares and
  periscopes and wire cutters would be included.
• Of the 12000 men in a division, only 2000 were in
  the front lines at any one time. A typical month
  was 4 days in the front line, 4 days in support,
  8 days in reserve and a period of rest before
  return to rotation.

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Trench Foot
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Men in the trenches suffered from lice.

• They created a stale, sour smell and left blotchy
  red bite marks all over the body.
• A lighted candle was fairly effective, but the
  skill of burning the lice without burning your
  clothes took much practice.
• When possible the army arranged for the men to
  bathe in huge vats of hot water while their
  clothes went through the delousing machines.
• Unfortunately, a fair proportion of the lice eggs
  remained in the clothes and within two hours the
  mans body heat had hatched them out again.

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Lice also carried Disease

• As well as causing scratching, lice carried
  disease.
• This was known as pyorrhea or trench fever.
• The first symptoms were shooting pains in the
  shins and was followed by a very high fever.
• Although the disease did not kill, it did stop
  soldiers form fighting and accounted for about 15
  of all cases of sickness in the army.

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Reasons for Trenches

• Both sides soon found they could stop an enemy
  attack by digging trenches and setting up machine
  guns.
• Trenches soon became permanent and lines changed
  little in 3 ½ years.
• Sandbags protected soldiers from bullets and
  shrapnel.
• Barbed wire was set up to delay the enemy advance
• The ground between trenches became pock-marked
  with shell craters.
• The tank was developed to destroy machine gun
  positions and travel through barbed wire.
• The first tank was nicknamed Little Willie and
  was a caterpillar track needing a crew of 3

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Why the Trenches Stayed
Its max speed was 8 mph and it could NOT cross
trenches.
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Trenches first dug in Northern France

• The aim of trenches was to act as a barrier
  against the rapid advance of the German army from
  which a counter attack could be made.
• At first they were quickly and easily constructed
  using few materials other than sandbags and a
  shovel.

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Many Different Types of Trenches

• There were many different types of trench.
• The one above is typical of a front line trench,
  where fighting was expected to occur.
• This is a diagram that outlines what a section of
  trenches may have looked like.

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Networks of Trenches Provided Movement Between
Areas

• As it became obvious that the Trench was not
  going to be the short-term barrier it was
  originally intended to be, networks of trenches
  were constructed.
• These trenches had to ensure the safety of the
  soldiers who would live, eat, sleep and fight
  there.
• Often these trench systems were as close as 20
  meters away from the enemy who
• would face them across No Mans Land.

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World War I Weapons

• During WWI, the soldiers in the trenches used a
  wide variety of weapons, these included
• ? Rifles and pistols
• ? Machine guns
• ? Artillery
• ? Bayonets
• ? Torpedoes
• ? Flame throwers
• ? Mustard and chlorine gases and
• ? Smokeless gunpowder.
• As well as using them in the trenches, some of
  these weapons were used by tanks, U boats,
  Zeppelins (left) and planes.

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Machine Guns Too Large and Bulky!
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This war was the first to use chlorine and
mustard gas.

• The German army was the first to use chlorine in
  1915 at Ypres.
• French soldiers had not come across this before
  and assumed it was just a smoke screen.
• It has a distinctive smell mixture of pepper
  and pineapple and they only realized they were
  being gassed when they started to have chest
  pains and a burning sensation in their throats.
• Death is painful, you suffocate.

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Chemical Weapons

• One nurse, Vera Brittain, wrote "I wish those
  people who talk about going on with this war
  whatever it costs could see the soldiers
  suffering from mustard gas poisoning. Great
  mustard-colored blisters, blind eyes, all sticky
  and stuck together, always fighting for breath,
  with voices a mere whisper, saying that their
  throats are closing and they know they will
  choke."

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British Gas Casualties1914 - 1918

• The nastiest thing about mustard gas, it made the
  skin blister, the eyes sore and the victim would
  start to vomit.
• It would cause internal and external bleeding and
  would target the lungs
• It could take up to 5 weeks to die.

Deaths Non-Fatal
Chlorine 1,976 164,457
Mustard Gas 4,086 16,526
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The plane used as a Weapon

• This war also had another first planes started
  to be used to deliver bombs.
• Planes became fighter aircraft armed with machine
  guns, bombs and even cannons.
• They were used for reconnaissance work.
• Pilots were known to fight enemy aircraft in the
  air, in dogfights to protect the soldiers on
  the ground.

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One of the most famous American pilots was Eddie
Rickenbacker.

• Rickenbacker was born in Columbus, Ohio
• In March 1918 Rickenbacker joined the United
  States Air Service and over the next few months
  became the leading USA Flying Ace when he
  recorded 26 victories against German aircraft.
• Rickenbacker was awarded the Medal of Honor when
  he successfully attacked a party of seven
  aircraft on a photographic mission.

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Poetry from the First World War was written by
soldiers who served at the Western Front

• They saw the horrors of War first hand.
• They wrote about what they really saw.
• Their poems were published just after the war,
  so they were not censored.
• They are first hand and often unbiased sources.

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It's a sinTo say that Hell is hot 'cause it's
notMind you, I know very well we're in
hell. from The Mad Soldier by Edward Tennant
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Alec de Candole (1897-1918)   Alec left college
in April 1916 to enlist. He was commissioned in
the 4th Wiltshire Regiment and sent to Flanders
in April, 1917. He was wounded in October 1917
but returned to Belgium in July 1918. On 4
September the Battalion Diary recorded that Alec
de Candole was killed in a bombing raid. Two
days before he died he wrote this poem
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When the Last Long Trek is Over When the last
long trek is over,And the last long trench
filled in,Ill take a boat to Dover,Away from
all the dinIll take a trip to Mendip,Ill see
the Wiltshire downs,And all my soul Ill then
dipIn peace no trouble drowns.
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Away from noise of battle,Away from bombs and
shells,Ill lie where browse the cattle,Or
pluck the purple bells.Ill lie among the
heather,And watch the distant plain,Through all
the summer weather,Nor go to fight again.
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Edward Bim Tennant (1897-1916) Killed at the
Somme.
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THE MAD SOLDIER

• There three weeks ago, yes I know,And it's
  bitter cold at night, since the fight I could
  tell you if I chose no one knowsExcep' me and
  four or five, what ain't aliveI can see them all
  asleep, three men deep,And they're nowhere near
  a fire but our wireHas 'em fast as fast can
  be. Can't you seeWhen the flare goes up? Ssh!
  Boys what's that noise?

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Its A Sin To Say

• It's a sinTo say that Hell is hot 'cause it's
  notMind you, I know very well we're in hell.
  In a twisted hump we lie heaping highYes! an'
  higher every day. Oh, I say,This chap's heavy
  on my thighs damn his eyes.

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WILFRED OWEN Wilfred Owen is one of the more
famous War Poets. He was born March 18th,
1893. He joined the Army in 1915 as an Officer in
the Artists Rifles. Wilfred Owen served in some
of the worst conditions during the following
months.
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DULCE ET DECORUM EST By Wilfred Owen
A line from the Roman lyrical poet Horace's Odes
(iii 2.13). The line can be rendered in English
as "It is sweet and becoming to die for one's
country,"
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Bent double like old beggars under
sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed
through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we
turned our backs And towards our distant rest
began to trudge.
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Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots But
limped on, blood-shod. All went lame all
blind Drunk with fatigue deaf even to the
hoots Of gas shells dropping softly behind.
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November 4th, 1918 Owen and his men went over
the top. He was shot and killed by German
machine guns on the banks of the Sambre-Ouse
Canal.
The War ended just a week later on November
11th. Wilfred Owen was 25 years old.
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THE SOLDIER If I should die, think only this of
meThat there's some corner of a foreign
fieldThat is for ever England. There shall beIn
that rich earth a richer dust concealedA dust
whom England bore, shaped, made aware,Gave,
once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam,A
body of England's, breathing English air,Washed
by the rivers, blest by suns of home.
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At 446pm on the 23rd April 1915, St Georges
Day, Rupert Brooke died of blood poisoning on a
French hospital ship moored in the bay of the
Greek island of Skyros. 
We buried him in the same evening in an
olive-grove where he had sat with us on Tuesday -
one of the loveliest places on this earth, with
grey green olives round him, one weeping above
his head
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Tom Kettle, Irish Poet, killed at the Somme 1916
"If I live, I mean to spend the rest of my life
working for perpetual peace. I have seen war and
faced modern artillery and know what an outrage
it is against simple men."
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June, 1914 Bosnia-Herzegovina

• Governor invited Archduke Franz Ferdinand to
  watch his troops on maneuvers
• Archduke Ferdinand wanted to ride in a car with
  his wife on their anniversary!!!

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The Black Hand

• The Black Hand (Unity or Death) group wanted
  Bosnia-Herzegovina to leave the Austro-Hungarian
  Empire and unite all Serbians
• Why did Ferdinand go? To ride in the car with his
  wife!!

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Assassins in Sarajevo

• Each man was given a revolver, two bombs and
  small vial of cyanide.
• First lost his nerve, 2nd hit wrong car.
• Archdukes car picked up speed and next 4 made no
  attempt to shoot.
• Archduke demanded to go to hospital and see
  wounded.
• Car took wrong turn and guess who was standing on
  the corner?
• Princip

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On the Eve of War

• Six of 7 assassins captured before killing
  themselves. One fled.
• Serbia refuses to hand them over to the
  Austro-Hungarian government for trial.
• Three days later Austro-Hungaria declared war on
  Serbia.
• Princip died in prison from tuberculosis, 1918

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Central Powers VS. Allies
France Britain Russia Japan Italy

• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Turkey
• Bulgaria

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What happened to Russia?

• Socialists within the Duma opposed Russian
  involvement in the war
• Led by Lenin
• Mounting military defeats
• Increasingly organised and vocal opposition
• The Duma was suspended in 1915 in an attempt to
  silence the opposition.

Czar Nicholas
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Its All About Economics

• Rapidly falling living standards - food
  shortages, rising prices and fuel shortages.
• Spiraling government expenditure so the
  government began to print more paper money
  resulted in inflationary problems.

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Working Class Revolution

• Rasputin
• Member of the Royal court
• Believed to heal the Tsars son.
• Rasputins reputation damaged the reputation of
  the Tsarina and the Tsar.
• Much of the population lost confidence in the
  Tsars judgment.

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US Neutrality

• Wilson asks Americans to stay neutral in thought
  as well as deed.
• US industry gears up to support Allies
• British begin blockade of North Sea

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May 7, 1915 coast of Ireland

• Torpedoed without warning, the Lusitania
• Sinks in 18 minutes
• Killing 1198 (128 Americans)

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September 1, 1915 - Berlin

• Arabic Pledge
• Germany promises not to sink unarmed liners
  following sinking of British liner Arabic

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May 31, 1916 - Berlin

• Sussex Pledge
• Following sinking of French steamer Sussex,
  Germany again agrees to "visit and search" rules
• Insists that Great Britain should also agree to
  obey international laws regarding freedom of the
  seas

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November, 1916 United States

• Wilson wins presidential election
• Declaring "he kept us out of war,
• Barely defeat Hughes and Republicans (277 to 254
  in electoral college)

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1917 and Zimmerman Note

• Germany resumes unlimited submarine warfare
• Berlin Confident that U.S. help would be too
  late, Germany seeks to starve England into
  submission
• Zimmermann note discovered
• Asks Mexico to join Germany in exchange for
  return of southwest U.S.
• British intercept message

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April 6, 1917 United States

• Declared war and joined the Allied Powers as the
  American Expeditionary Force
• The war ended the following year.

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America Goes to War
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September, 1918 - Oppy

• Village not far from Vimy
• Fortified by the Germans, it withstood the
  assaults of the British, Canadian and French
  troops until September 1918.
• Painting by John Nash

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The Soldier by Rupert Brooke

• If I should die, think only this of meThat
  there's some corner of a foreign fieldThat is
  for ever England. There shall beIn that rich
  earth a richer dust concealedA dust whom
  England bore, shaped, made aware,Gave, once, her
  flowers to love, her ways to roam,A body of
  England's, breathing English air,Washed by the
  rivers, blest by suns of home.

• Georges Leroux, (Hell)

Pablo Picasso
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Weapons of War

• Bayonets
• Chiefly used as a psychological weapon
• Used also for toasting bread, opening cans, to
  scrape mud off uniforms, poking a trench fire or
  even to assist in the preparation of communal
  latrines.
• Flamethrowers
• Trench Mortars An ancient weapon given fresh life
  in the trenches

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Tanks Little Willie

• UK - 1391
• France - 4000
• Germany - 20
• Italy - 6
• USA - 84

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Squadron Over the BrentaMax Edler von Poosch

• Dogfight" means an aerial battle between two or
  more planes.
• Early planes had guns connected to the top wing.
  
• There was a pilot in the front and a gunner in
  the back.
• The pilot had to listen to the gunner while
  dodging enemy fire, making early dogfights
  difficult.
• Eddie Rickenbacker of Piqua earned the record of
  American Ace, most kills of US pilots

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The Harvest of BattleC.R.W. Nevinson

• Machine Guns

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GassedJohn Singer Sargent

• Poison Gas
• First used by the French and popularized by the
  Germans

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Dead Germans in a TrenchWilliam Orpen
Protection from gas, begun by French, but used
most often by Germany
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C.R.W. Nevinson - censored

• Because Nevinson was so bold as to paint the
  bodies of two Tommies in front of the barbed
  wire, this painting was banned from an exhibition
  in 1918.
• Nevinson refused to take it down and covered it
  with brown paper on which he wrote "Censored".
• This gesture earned him a reprimand from the War
  Office, for it was forbidden either to show
  reality or to denounce censorship.
• Nevinson had only painted what every soldier had
  seen dozens of times comrades who had fallen
  under fire during pointless assaults.

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War at Sea
Submarines
Depth Charges anti-submarine
Battle Cruisers
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A Convoy, North Sea, 1918John Lavery

• Airships were also used as they were lest costly
• Usually to determine enemy movement on the
  western front
• Fighter planes made their use more dangerous.

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Legacy of the First World War

• The Kaiser abdicated and left Germany
• A power vacuum was created because of the absence
  of any government
• Millions of German workers were killed or
  seriously injured during the war
• Germany became an international pariah (outcast)

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Conditions in Germany

• Political instability
• Economic Depression due to destruction of country
  and forced peace settlement requiring payment of
  reparations
• Unemployment. Millions of soldiers have returned
  home to find no jobs available.

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Treaty of Versailles

• Terms of the Peace treaty
• Massively reduced military capability
• War guilt clause imposed
• Reparations fixed at a very high level

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Which leads to . . . . . .

• Problems 1919-1924
• Anger directed at the government for signing the
  Treaty of Versailles
• Economic problems as all profit is sent directly
  to the Allies as reparations pay-outs
• Valueless currency as economic crisis leads to
  hyper-inflation
• Rise of extremist groups attempting to wrestle
  power from the de-stabilised government