Chemistry 101

1
Chemistry 101

• Introduction

2
What is Chemistry

• Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes

3
What is Matter?

• Matter is anything that occupies space and has
  weight.

4
Examples of Matter

• Pens and pencils
• Paper
• Students
• Desks
• Cars
• Airplanes

5
Is Air Matter?

• Air would be matter if it takes up space and has
  weight.

6
Is Air Matter?

• Air would be matter if it takes up space and has
  weight.
• Does it?

7
Is Air Matter?

• Air would be matter if it takes up space and has
  weight.
• Does it?
• The space that air takes up is called the
  atmosphere.
• Does air have weight?

8
Is Air Matter?

• Air would be matter if it takes up space and has
  weight.
• Does it?
• The space that air takes up is called the
  atmosphere.
• Does air have weight?
• Yes air does have weight, if not, then it would
  flow into outer space.

9
Is Air Matter?

• Air would be matter if it takes up space and has
  weight.
• Does it?
• The space that air takes up is called the
  atmosphere.
• Does air have weight?
• Yes air does have weight, if not, then it would
  flow into outer space. One liter of air weighs
  1.29 grams.

10
What are Changes?

• In the study of chemistry we talk about two
  different kinds of changes, physical and chemical

11
What are Changes?

• In the study of chemistry we talk about two
  different kinds of changes, physical and chemical
• Physical change is a change to matter so that the
  identity is not altered i.e. taste, smell.

12
What are Changes?

• In the study of chemistry we talk about two
  different kinds of changes, physical and chemical
• Physical change is a change to matter so that the
  identity is not altered i.e. taste, smell.
• Chemical change is a change to matter so that its
  identity is changed i.e. different smell, color,
  taste.

13
Examples of Physical Change

• Tearing paper starts out paper and ends as paper
• Folding paper starts out paper and ends as
  paper
• Melting of ice starts out water and ends as
  water
• Evaporation of water starts out water and ends
  as water

14
Examples of Chemical Change

• Wood burning starts out as wood ends up as smoke
  and ashes, different smell and taste, right?
• Steel rusting starts out as steel ends up as
  rust, different smell and taste
• Healing of a wound starts out a blood ends up as
  scar tissue, different color, taste and smell

15
Matter Continued

• Is everything matter?

16
Matter Continued

• Is everything matter? No, not everything we can
  think of has weight and takes up space.

17
Matter Continued

• Is everything matter? No, not everything we can
  think of has weight and takes up space.
• For example personality!

18
Matter Continued

• Is everything matter? No, not everything we can
  think of has weight and takes up space.
• For example personality! One might argue that
  personality takes up the space of ones brain or
  person, but

19
Matter Continued

• Is everything matter? No, not everything we can
  think of has weight and takes up space.
• For example personality! One might argue that
  personality takes up the space of ones brain or
  person, butnot all personable people are
  overweight. Thus personality does not have
  weight, and is therefore not matter.

20
Matter Continued

• How about thought? Again we might argue that
  thought takes up the space of ones brain and your
  mother told you about heavy thoughts, but.

21
Matter Continued

• How about thought? Again we might argue that
  thought takes up the space of ones brain and your
  mother told you about heavy thoughts, but.If you
  get on the bathroom scale and start having heavy
  thoughts, your weight does not go up!

22
Matter Continued

• How about thought? Again we might argue that
  thought takes up the space of ones brain and your
  mother told you about heavy thoughts, but.If you
  get on the bathroom scale and start having heavy
  thoughts, your weight does not go up! That means
  thought is not matter, so if someone studies
  thought, they are not doing chemistry.

23
Examples of Chemistry

• The study of why wood burns
• The study of why cement does not burn
• The study of why nails rust
• The study of milk spoiling
• These all fit the definition of chemistry since
  they deal with change and matter

24
History of Chemistry

• Who were the first chemists?

25
History of Chemistry

• Who were the first chemists?

26
History of Chemistry

• Who were the first chemists?

Cavemen
27
History of Chemistry

• What kind of matter and changes did the cavemen
  study?

28
History of Chemistry

• What kind of matter and changes did the cavemen
  study? Fire and food!
• Archeologists have found evidence of fire in
  caves and animal bones too. Cooking meat makes
  meat chewable. Chewing raw meet wears out ones
  jaw.

29
History of Chemistry

• The next group that left archeological evidence
  of chemistry were the Egyptians. Their chemistry
  involved mummies, textile dyes, ink, paper and
  paints most of which can be found inside the
  pyramids.

30
History of Chemistry

• The first group of people to leave written
  records of their chemistry were the Greeks. From
  Greek writings, we can see that the Greeks made
  observations, and created reasons for these
  observations, called hypothesis. They did not
  attempt to prove their hypothesis by
  experimentation, thus their chemistry efforts
  were philosophical in nature as opposed to
  science in nature.

31
History of Chemistry

• The first group of chemists to test hypothesis
  with experiments were the alchemists. Alchemists
  were a group of Europeans that were trying to
  change matter in to different kinds of matter.
  For example, they were trying to change lead into
  gold. The major results of their experiments
  were to prove most of the Greek ideas of
  chemistry to be false and to show a clear
  distinction between science and philosophy.

32
History of Chemistry

• A major short coming of the Alchemists chemistry
  was irreproducible results, caused by lack of
  measurement understanding. For example, on day 1
  mixing two kinds of matter produced black
  matter, while doing the same thing the next day
  produced red matter. The Alchemists were the
  first group of chemists to make observations,
  create hypothesis, and to test their hypothesis
  with experiments.

33
Modern Chemistry

• Antoine Lavoisier was the founder of modern
  chemistry by making careful measurements.

34
Modern Chemistry

• Lavoisiers careful measurements now made
  experiments reproducible. Chemists in other
  countries could now do the same experiment and
  get the same results. This now allowed chemists
  to prove a hypothesis to be correct by
  experimentation, thus leading to the discovery of
  theories and laws.

35
Modern Chemistry
Lavoisiers Theories and Laws

• Law of Conservation of Mass
• Atomic Theory

36
Classification of Matter
Matter
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Substance
Solution
Element
Compound
37
Classification of Matter
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous

• Homogeneous matter looks the same everywhere with
  a microscope, but since we lack microscopes we
  will use our eyes and not our imagination.
  Heterogeneous matter does not look the same
  everywhere.

38
Classification of Matter
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous?
Wood
Margarine
Carpet
Gold
39
Classification of Matter
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous?
Wood
Margarine
Carpet
Gold
Heterogeneous
40
Classification of Matter
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous?
Wood
Margarine
Carpet
Gold
Heterogeneous
Heterogeneous
41
Classification of Matter
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous?
Wood
Carpet
Margarine
Gold
Heterogeneous
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
42
Classification of Matter
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous?
Wood
Carpet
Margarine
Gold
Heterogeneous
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
Homogeneous
43
Classification of Matter

• Solution is a homogeneous random combination of
  two or more different types of matter.
• For example a random amount of salt and water
  combined together produces a homogeneous mixture,
  called salt water. Random combination means some
  salt and some water.

44
Classification of Matter

• Any combination the produces a homogeneous result
  that is not randomly created is called a
  substance.
• For example, combining two hydrogen atoms and one
  oxygen atom produces a compound of water, which
  is a substance. Or the combination of two oxygen
  atoms, gives a molecule of oxygen.

45
Classification of Matter

• Homogeneous matter created by the same atom is
  called and element. Exact combinations of
  different elements is called a compound.

46
Classification of Matter

• Label the following examples of matter as
  heterogeneous, solution, compound or element.
• Sand
• Sea water
• Tap water
• Steel
• Antimony
• Air
• Distilled water
• Cement
• Wine

47
Classification of Matter

• Label the following examples of matter as
  heterogeneous, solution, compound or element.
• Sand-Heterogeneous
• Sea water
• Tap water
• Steel
• Antimony
• Air
• Distilled water
• Cement
• Wine

48
Classification of Matter

• Label the following examples of matter as
  heterogeneous, solution, compound or element.
• Sand-Heterogeneous
• Sea water-Heterogeneous
• Tap water
• Steel
• Antimony
• Air
• Distilled water
• Cement
• Wine

49
Classification of Matter

• Label the following examples of matter as
  heterogeneous, solution, compound or element.
• Sand-Heterogeneous
• Sea water-Heterogeneous
• Tap water-Solution
• Steel
• Antimony
• Air
• Distilled water
• Cement
• Wine

50
Classification of Matter

• Label the following examples of matter as
  heterogeneous, solution, compound or element.
• Sand-Heterogeneous
• Sea water-Heterogeneous
• Tap water-Solution
• Steel-Solution
• Antimony
• Air
• Distilled water
• Cement
• Wine

51
Classification of Matter

• Label the following examples of matter as
  heterogeneous, solution, compound or element.
• Sand-Heterogeneous
• Sea water-Heterogeneous
• Tap water-Solution
• Steel-Solution
• Antimony-Element
• Air
• Distilled water
• Cement
• Wine

52
Classification of Matter

• Label the following examples of matter as
  heterogeneous, solution, compound or element.
• Sand-Heterogeneous
• Sea water-Heterogeneous
• Tap water-Solution
• Steel-Solution
• Antimony-Element
• Air-Solution
• Distilled water
• Cement
• Wine

53
Classification of Matter

• Label the following examples of matter as
  heterogeneous, solution, compound or element.
• Sand-Heterogeneous
• Sea water-Heterogeneous
• Tap water-Solution
• Steel-Solution
• Antimony-Element
• Air-Solution
• Distilled water-Compound
• Cement
• Wine

54
Classification of Matter

• Label the following examples of matter as
  heterogeneous, solution, compound or element.
• Sand-Heterogeneous
• Sea water-Heterogeneous
• Tap water-Solution
• Steel-Solution
• Antimony-Element
• Air-Solution
• Distilled water-Compound
• Cement-Heterogeneous
• Wine

55
Classification of Matter

• Label the following examples of matter as
  heterogeneous, solution, compound or element.
• Sand-Heterogeneous
• Sea water-Heterogeneous
• Tap water-Solution
• Steel-Solution
• Antimony-Element
• Air-Solution
• Distilled water-Compound
• Cement-Heterogeneous
• Wine-Solution

56
The End

• Chapter 1