The Creation of Nation-States

1
The Creation of Nation-States

• Big Changes in
• 19th Century Europe

2
Mid - Late 1800s Big Ideas

• 1848 revolts collapsed gtgt Conservative ??
• Crimean War ends Concert of Europe spurs
  instability and change
• Italian unification by war diplomacy
• German unification by war, led by OVB
• Changes in Austria, France Russia
• Victorian Age of GB Disraeli Gladstone
• Ireland ??

3
Crimean War (1853 56)

• Root Causes
• R expansion
• Religious Protection
• Realities
• R occupies OE lands
• OE / GB / F vs. R
• Poorly fought
• Outcomes
• Ends Concert of Europe
• R loses land prestige / Black Sea
• Political Instability

4
Ottoman Empire Reforms

• Hatti-I Sharif gtgt Tanzimat (reform) Era
• More Legal Equality
• Hatti-i H?mayun
• Euro ideas in OE
• Equal rights / duty
• Power struggles
• Balkan Wars 1870s
• Lost Land gtgt modernization
• Rise of Young Turks 1908
• ?? Secularization divides / weakens OE

5
Italian Unification in phases

• Romantic Republicans
• Ineffective secret societies 1830s-40s
• Carbonari (N) Middle Class
• No peasant support
• Giuseppe Mazzini Young Italy
• Poor, Republican, anti-RCC
• Guerilla Warfare gtgt fear!
• Moderates seek Papal Leadership 1848
• Pope Pius IX failed Roman Republic ?
• Leadership vacuum now what?

6
Italian UnificationMachiavellian Style

• Camillo Cavour ()
• PM Piedmont
• Economic Nationalism
• Piedmont v. Austria
• Supports F / GB in Crimea
• Def. Austria Land
• Sardinia-Piedmont controls N. Italy next?

7
Italian Unification final phases

• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Red Shirts rebels!
• Sicily gtgt Naples
• Unification
• Sicily Naples P-S Italy!
• King Victor Emmanuel II
• Venice Rome join
• Realities Transformismo corruption
• N , modern, industry
• S poor, backward, rural

8
German Unification

• 1848 unification attempts by liberals failed
• Zollverein trade union G together
• Otto von Bismarck Prussian Chancellor
• Conservative
• Unify by eliminating Austrian influence
• Provoked WAR to unify Kleindeutsch
• Danish War AP v D gtgt Schleswig- Holstein
• Austro-Prussian War gtgt Treaty of Prague
• Annexes northern kingdoms
• Franco-Prussian War Pr southern German States
  v F gtgt Alsace
• Germany! OVB 1st Chancellor of 2nd Reich

9
Germany Created 1871!
10
Changes in France again!

• Empire gtgt Liberal
  Republic
• Paris Commune 1871 riots
• Some liberals want Paris to separate
• Occupied by Prussia 1871 - 73
• New National Assembly gtgt 3rd Republic 1873

11
Controversy in France

• Dreyfus Affair
• Alfred Dreyfus accused as a traitor
• Corrupt trial gtgt guilty!
• Rising Anti-semitism
• Public outrage over corruption division!
• Emile Zola JAccuse
• T. Herzl Zionism

12
Changes in Habsburg Austria

• Multi-ethnic Austrian Empire
• Magyars (Hungarians) seek recognition power
• Emperor tries to change Magyars reject changes
• Austrian defeats gtgt concessions lead to dual
  kingdom (A H)
• Other minorities (Czech, Slovaks, etc.) want
  change, rejected by A
• Discontent inside the empire

13
Changes in Russia

• Russia behind, no industrialism Crimean War
  exposed, lost prestige abroad at home gtgt
  Autocratic absolutism
• Alexander II gtgt reformer Emancipation of serfs
  1861 new courts, limited freedoms ?s in
  militaryassassinated ?
• Alexander III gtgt oppressive, autocratic secret
  police, limited freedom of press

14
Changes in Great Britain

• Parliamentary Monarchy liberal or conservative?
• Queen Victoria Victorian England Etiquette,
  Empire
• Reforms 2nd Reform Act increase suffrage
• Benjamin Disraeliconservative
• William Gladstone liberal
• Irish Question home rule?