2.1 Organisms

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2.1 Organisms Their Environment

• Observing plants and animals where they live and
  what they do over time is natural history

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1. Ecology is the study of the interactions
between organisms and their environment (living
and non living parts)
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2. The Biosphere!!
--All life lives in the supporting
Biosphere which extends from high in
the atmosphere to the ocean depths and even
into rocks. --All life interacts with factors in
their environments.
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A. Abiotic Factors

• --ecology that involves how the living interact
  with the non-living
• --Non-living things
• Ex. --wind, temperature, water (flood drought),
• light, soil
• What would happen to the buffalo on the
  grasslands if there was no rain in the spring for
  the grass?

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B. Biotic Factors

• --Living parts of the environment
• Ex.food, parasites, prey, predators, and
• diseases

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C. Levels of Organization

• 1. Organism
• --one of a species
• (not very important)
• -Study Behaviors such as
• Feeding
• Sleeping
• Daily movements
• Breeding behavior

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2. Population-All members of the same
species in the same place

• Study
• -how populations effects the environment
• -growth and death rates
• -effect of abiotic factors (firedrought)
• -predict future populations

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3. Communities interacting populations in the
same place at the same time

• -All members depend on each other in some way
• -Study what happens when one population is
  changed
• Ex. A slight increase in hawks slight _____ in
  rat numbers.

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4. Ecosystem interacting populations in a
community and its abiotic factors

• study what keeps an ecosystem stable and how the
  living depends on the non living

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Two Main Ecosystems

• Terrestrial ecosystems are those located
• on land.
• Aquatic ecosystems occur in both
• fresh and saltwater forms.

-Biotic and abiotic factors form ecosystems
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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Aquatic ecosystems

• Freshwater ecosystems include ponds, lakes, and
  streams.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45

• Saltwater or marine ecosystems, make up
  approximately 70 percent of Earths surface.

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Table 2.1 Examples of Ecosystems
Aquatic Ecosystems

• Other Sites of Ecosystems

Terrestrial Ecosystems

• Forest
• Old farm field
• Meadow
• Yard
• Garden plot
• Empty lot
• Compost heap
• Volcano site
• Rotting log

Freshwater Pond Lake Stream Estuary Salt
water (marine) Ocean Estuary Aquarium

• Human body
• Skin
• Intestine
• Mouth
• Buildings
• Mold in walls, floors, or basement
• Ventilation systems
• Bathrooms
• Food
• Any moldy food
• Refrigerator

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D. Organsims in Ecosystems

• Place where an organism
• lives habitat
• -Space, food and conditions that organisms need
  to survive
• -Worms, centipedes and millipedes all live around
  a decaying log
• Organisms may share habitats but they will use
  it differently

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Every species has a role or job - niche --Worm
eats soil --Centipede eats beetles and other
animals --Millipede eats decaying leaves two
species cant exist for long in the
same community if their niches are the same.
Why?
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Symbiosis

• The relationship in which there is a close and
  permanent association between organisms of
  different species is called symbiosis.
• Three kinds of symbiosis are recognized
  mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

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Symbiotic Relationships
Relationship Benefits?
Example
Mutualism Both species benefits
Bacteria in our
Intestines
Commensalism one Species benefits
Spanish moss one
Species unharmed on a tree
Parasitism one Species benefits
Tick dog one
Species harmed
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Mutualism

• A symbiotic relationship in which both species
  benefit is called mutualism.

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Commensalism

• Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which
  one species benefits and the other species is
  neither harmed nor benefited.

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Parasitism

• A symbiotic relationship in which a member of one
  species derives benefit at the expense of another
  species (the host) is called parasitism.

• Parasites have evolved in such a way that they
  harm, but usually do not kill the host species.

A tape worm
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RELATIONSHIPS Who needs enemies with a friend
like this?