The Legislative Branch

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The Legislative Branch

• Unit 6
• AP Government

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Important Terms and Concepts

• Read your textbook carefully
• Terms are VERY important this unit!

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The Bicameral System
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Roots of the Legislative Branch

• The Framers were greatly influenced by the
  American colonial experience
• Under the British, colonial assemblies were
  chosen as advisory bodies to the royal governors.
  
• These assemblies gradually assumed more power and
  authority in each colony, eventually gaining
  responsibility over taxation and spending.
• The Continental Congress was a gathering of the
  selected legislators from the 13 colonies
• Upon independence, the Continental Congress
  became the first American Congress

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Under ARTICLES CONGRESS LACKED POWER TO After CONSTITUTION TO CONGRESS HAD POWER TO
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
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Under ARTICLES CONGRESS LACKED POWER TO After CONSTITUTION TO CONGRESS HAD POWER TO
Provide for effective treaty-making power and control foreign relations it could not compel states to respect treaties. Compel states to meet military quotas it could not draft soldiers. Regulate interstate and foreign commerce it left each state free to set up its own tariff system. Collect taxes directly from the people it had to rely on states to collect and forward taxes. Compel states to pay their share of government costs. Provide and maintain a sound monetary system or issue paper money this was left up to the states, and monies in circulation differed tremendously in value. Declare war and make peace. Enter into treaties and alliances. Establish and control armed forces. Requisition men and money from states. Regulate coinage. Borrow money and issue bills of credit. Fix uniform standards of weight and measurement. Create admiralty courts. Create a postal system. Regulate Indian affairs. Guarantee citizens of each state the rights and privileges of citizens in the several states when in another state. Adjudicate disputes between states on state petition.
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Which Branch is the Most Powerful??

• The framers of the U.S Constitution placed
  Congress at the center of the government.
• Article I
• In the early years of the republic Congress held
  the bulk of power.
• Today, the presidency has become quite powerful
  particularly since FDR.
• Congress now generally responds to executive
  branch legislative proposals.

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Qualifications for Congress

• House
• 25 years old
• US Citizen for 7 years
• Be a resident of the state you represent

• Senate
• 30 years old
• US Citizen for 9 years
• Be a resident of the state you represent

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Congressional Terms

• Senators have a 6 year term with 1/3 of the seats
  up for reelection every two years.
• House members serve 2 year terms and must be
  re-elected every general election.
• NO LIMIT TO TERMS!

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The Makeup of Legislative Branch

• The Great Compromise provided the necessary
  vision to insure that the new legislature was
  accepted by the new country
• A bicameral legislative branch of government was
  created
• The upper house is called the Senate in which
  each state receives two representatives.
• 100 total
• The lower house is called the House of
  Representatives which is apportioned by
  population.
• 435 total

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111th Congress The Senate
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112th Congress The Senate
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Comparison of 111th and 112th Senate by State
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111th Congress The House of Representatives Percen
tage of Each Party by State
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112th Congress The House of Representatives Percen
tage of Each Party by State
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Comparison of 111th and 112th Congress by
Percentage
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111th Congress The House of Representatives by
District
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112th Congress The House of Representatives by
District
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Comparison of 11th and 112th Congress by District
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Critical Thinking Compare the Information You
Can Draw from the Two House Maps
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Critical Thinking 2 Compare the Information You
Can Draw from the Three Maps
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• 2001 GA Redistricting Map
• Found to be unconstitutional

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• Approved 2000 Map

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• New map that takes effect in 2013

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• District 6

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House Seat
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House Seat
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House Seat
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Gerrymander

• To draw district lines in such a way that gives
  unfair advantage to one group over another.
• Named for Elbridge Gerry the former Governor of
  Massachusetts
• Had been part of the Revolutionary War
• Was one of the American emissaries to France
  during the XYZ Affair
• The term gerrymander is a mixture of the word
  salamander and Governor Gerrys name
• He often drew legislative and/or district lines
  to benefit his political friends

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The Original Gerrymandered District
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Apportionment and Redistricting

• The Constitution requires that all Americans be
  counted every 10 years by a census.
• The census determines the allotment of seats in
  the House of Representatives.
• Redistricting (the redrawing of congressional
  districts to reflect changes in seats allocated
  to the states from population shifts) is done by
  state legislatures and, of course, always has
  political overtones.
• When the process is outrageously political, it is
  called gerrymandering and is often struck down by
  the courts.

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Legislative Powers
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Regulate Commerce
Spend Money
Taxation
Create Courts
Powers of Congress
Lawmaking
Declare War
Make all laws "necessary and proper" to carrying
out the enumerated powers
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1. Legislative Branch Checks over Judicial Branch
6. Judicial Checks over Executive Branch
2. Legislative Branch Checks over Executive
Branch
5. Judicial Branch Checks over Legislative Branch
4. Executive Branch Checks over Judicial Branch
3. Executive Branch Checks over Legislative
Branch
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Power of the Incumbency

• 92 of House members have won reelection since
  1946
• Members of the Senate are also likely to win
  reelection although less likely that the House
• 75 since 1946
• Advantages
• Greater name recognition
• Easier to raise money about 75 of contributions
  goes to incumbents
• Credit claiming which increases victory of margin
• Discourages challengers
• Franking- free mail to constituents
• Disadvantages
• Voters are more likely to vote for the person NOT
  the party
• Challengers with deep pockets

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Organization of Congress
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Organization of Congress

• Every two years, a new Congress is seated.
• 113th currently in session
• Congress opens each new session in January after
  election day
• The first order of business is the election of
  leaders and adoption of new rules.
• Both houses of Congress are organized by party
  for both leadership and committee purposes.
• CONGRESS IS VERY PARTISAN!

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Key Differences Between the HousesFound in the
Constitution

• House
• Initiate revenue, budget, and appropriation
  bills-
• All money bills start in House
• Impeaches the president
• Selects the President in case there is no
  majority winner in the electoral college

• Senate
• Offers advise and consent for presidential
  nominees by confirming the presidential
  appointments of federal judges, Supreme Court
  justices, heads of departments and agencies,
  ambassadors
• Ratifies treaties
• Convicts the president AFTER impeachment in the
  House
• Selects the Vice-president in case there is no
  majority winner in the electoral college

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Majority Party Advantages in the House of
Representatives

• House
• Holds committee chairs
• Controls Rules Committee
• Sets the agenda
• Controls debate
• Chooses Speaker of the House
• Holds majority on each committee
• Assigns bills to committees

• Rules that lead to Majority Power in House
• More formal rules
• No filibuster
• No holds
• House has no unanimous consents so members must
  always individually vote
• Germaneness rules concerning riders or
  amendments to House bills

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Other Important Differences Between the Two
Houses

• Senate
• Foreign policy experts
• Relaxed
• Less rules (filibuster allowed)
• No Rules Committee
• Senators become generalists and become experts
  in several key areas
• Senate holds on bills
• Unanimous consent agreements to ease bill passage

• House
• Formal
• Many rules
• Rules Committee very powerful
• Germaneness requirement for bills
• Congressmen become specialists in one major area
• Speaker is extremely powerful

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The Filibuster

• Minority party tactic to talk a bill to death
• Only allowed in the Senate NOT the House
• From a Dutch word meaning pirate
• Under Senate rules, the speech need not be
  relevant to the topic under discussion
• There have been cases in which a senator has
  undertaken part of a speech by reading from a
  phone book
• To stop a filibuster or apply cloture
• 16 Senators must sign a petition
• 60 votes to end debate

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Fun Filibusters Facts

• They used to call it 'taking to the diaper,' a
  phrase that referred to the preparation
  undertaken by a prudent senator before an
  extended filibuster
• Longest filibuster on record
• In 1957 Sen. Strom Thurmond talked for 24 hours
  and 18 minutes in an attempt to kill a civil
  rights bill
• Strom Thurmond visited a steam room before his
  filibuster in order to dehydrate himself so he
  could drink without urinating.
• An aide stood by in the cloakroom with a pail in
  case of emergency

• The bill passed less than two hours later, 62-15.
  
• But Thurmond succeeded in shattering the previous
  record set by Sen. Wayne Morse, D-Ore., in 1953
  of 22 hours and 26

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The Party Caucus

• Gathering of all the members of each party in
  each house of Congress
• Responsibilities
• Select party leaders
• Assign party members to committees
• Set policy goals

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The Committee System

• Real work of Congress is done by committees
  subcommittees
• Committees have historically been of the same
  ratio of party members as each house
• The ratio of committee assignments ratio SHOULD
  be the same as the ratio in the entire House
  and/or Senate
• The 109th Congressional committees did not
  reflect this
• Committees were dominated by Republicans who were
  appointed by the Republican leadership

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Types of House Committees

• The House has four types of committees
• Standing (or permanent) committees
• Special (or select) committees
• Joint and conference committees
• And a Committee of the Whole (100 members)

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Standing House Committees

• These traditional permanent House panels are
  identified in House Rule X, which also lists the
  jurisdiction of each committee.
• Because they have legislative jurisdiction,
  standing committees consider bills and issues and
  recommend measures for consideration by the full
  House.
• They also have oversight responsibility to
  monitor agencies, programs, and activities within
  their jurisdictions, and, in some cases, in areas
  that cut across committee jurisdictions.

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Special or Select House Committees

• These committees have issue-specific
  jurisdictions, functions and responsibilities
  that are set forth in the House Rules.
• These committees are frequently created for a
  finite time period.

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House Committees

• Standing Committees
• Committee on Agriculture
• Committee on Appropriations (projects)
• Committee on Armed Services
• Committee on the Budget
• Committee on Education and the Workforce
• Committee on Energy and Commerce
• Committee on Financial Services
• Committee on Government Reform
• Committee on Homeland Security
• Committee on House Administration
• Committee on International Relations
• Committee on the Judiciary
• Committee on Resources
• Committee on Rules (runs the House)
• Committee on Science
• Committee on Small Business
• Committee on Standards of Official Conduct
• Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure

• Special, Select, and Other
• House Permanent
• Select Committee on Intelligence
• Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the
  Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina
  
• Joint
• Joint Economic Committee
• Joint Committee on Printing
• Joint Committee on Taxation

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Committee of the Whole

• This most important committee is composed of all
  House Members and is created to expedite the
  consideration of bills, other measures and
  amendments on the floor of the House.
• In the Committee of the Whole, a quorum is 100
  Members (as compared to 218 in the House) and
  debate on amendments is conducted under the
  five-minute rule (as compared to the hour rule in
  the House), following general debate.
• Debates over the details of legislation are
  almost always conducted when the House is sitting
  as the Committee of the Whole, which following
  debate reports its legislation, with any
  amendments, to the House for an up or down vote.

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Types of Senate Committees

• The Senate has three types of committees
• Standing committees
• Select (or special) committees
• Joint and conference committees

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Senate Standing Committees

• Senate standing committees are permanent bodies
  with specific responsibilities spelled out in the
  Senate's official rules.
• For purposes of member assignment, Senate
  committees are divided, according to relative
  importance, into three categories
• Class A, Class B, and Class C.
• Senators are limited to service on two Class A
  committees and one Class B committee.
• Assignment to Class C committees is made without
  reference to a member's service on any other
  panels.

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Special (and Select) Senate Committees

• Select and special Senate committees fall into
  either the Class B or the Class C category.
• They are created for clearly specified purposes
  and, although those that currently exist are now
  considered permanent, they did not necessarily
  enjoy that status at their inception.
• Special investigating committees, such as the
  1973 Select Committee to Investigate Presidential
  Campaign Activities (the Watergate Committee),
  expire after they submit their final report to
  the Senate.

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Senate Committees

• Standing Committees Agriculture, Nutrition,
  and Forestry Appropriations (projects)
• Armed Services Banking, Housing, and Urban
  Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, and
  Transportation Energy and Natural Resources
  Environment and Public Works Finance (money)
• Foreign Relations (treaties)
• Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Homeland
  Security and Governmental Affairs Judiciary
  (approves judges)
• Rules and Administration Small Business and
  Entrepreneurship Veterans Affairs

• Special, Select, and Other Indian Affairs
  Select Committee on Ethics Select Committee on
  Intelligence Special Committee on Aging
• Joint Joint Committee on Printing Joint
  Committee on Taxation Joint Committee on the
  Library Joint Economic Committee

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• Former President Pro Temp
• Ted Stevens (R-AK)
• and his 223 Million dollar Bridge to Nowhere
• And his 500K
• Salmon-Thirty-Salmon
• Two Pork Barrel- Earmarks
• for Alaska

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Joint Committees

• These committees are composed of Members from
  both the House and the Senate.
• The most important job of the joint or conference
  committee is to smooth out differences between
  versions of the same bill before it goes to the
  President for his signature

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How a Bill Becomes a Law
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Lawmaking

• The most important constitutional power of
  Congress is the power to make laws.
• This power is shared by the House and the Senate.
  
• In order to become a law, a bill must be passed
  by both the House and the Senate.

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Lawmaking

• Anyone can write a bill
• However, only a member of the House or Senate may
  introduce a bill.
• A bill must survive three stages to become a law
  
• Committees
• The floor
• The conference committee.
• Over 9,000 bills are proposed and fewer than 5 to
  10 are enacted.
• A bill can die at any stage AND MOST DO!!!

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How a Bill Becomes a LawThe Process

• Introduced to House (or Senate)
• Assigned to committee by Leader or Speaker
• Assigned to subcommittee-
• -Most bills die in committee
• (Bill Goes to Rules Committee in House only)
• 4. Returns to floor with report by committee
• -Debate of bill
• 5. Passes or fails on floor
• 6. On to other body with same schedule

7. If both houses pass bill, they are likely
different versions so the 2 bills go
to -Conference Committee 8. If the Conference
Committee agrees then the new bill goes to both
Houses for one final approval -Many bills die
here, too! 9. Butif both chamber approve it goes
to the President 10. He can -Sign it into
law -Let it become law (if Congress is in
session) -Veto it -Pocket veto (if Congress is
not in session) 11. Congress can override
presidential veto with a 2/3 vote of each house
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Interest Groups
Colleagues
PACS
Party
How Does Congress Make Decisions on Bills?
Constituents
Staff
Caucuses
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The Importance of Congressional Caucuses

• A caucus is a group of members of the House of
  Representatives who
• share some commonality, whether it be personal
  (ex. the Congressional Hispanic Caucus)
• Have issues related to a district (ex. the
  Congressional Rural Caucus)
• May be reflective of a representatives
  substantive interest (ex. the Congressional
  Progressive Caucus, the African Great Lakes
  Caucus)
• Caucuses have immerged as rivals to parties in
  policy formulation

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Congressional Caucuses

• Members form caucuses to
• organize themselves
• to build social ties
• to coordinate and promote legislative agendas
• and perhaps sometimes to look good to individual
  or corporate constituents
• The Committee on House Administration maintains a
  list of official registered Congressional Member
  Organizations, more regularly known as caucuses.
  

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1. African Great Lakes Caucus
2. Afterschool Caucus American Engagement Caucus
3. Americans Abroad Caucus
4. Bicameral Congressional Caucus on Parkinsons
   Disease
5. Biomedical Research Caucus
6. Bi-Partisan Coalition for Combating Anti-Semitism
7. Bi-Partisan Congressional Pro-Life Caucus
8. Bipartisan Congressional Refugee Caucus
9. Bipartisan Disabilities Caucus (BDC
10. Bi-Partisan Privacy Caucus
11. Congressional Bike Caucus
12. Congressional Black Caucus
13. Congressional Boating Caucus
14. Congressional Border Caucus
15. Congressional Caucus for Womens Issues
16. Congressional Caucus of the Netherlands
17. Congressional Caucus on Addiction, Recovery and
    Treatment
18. Congressional Caucus on Albanian
19. Congressional Caucus on Global Road Safety

1. Congressional Caucus on Taiwan
2. Congressional Childrens Caucus
3. Congressional Cybersecurity Caucus
4. Congressional Cystic Fibrosis Caucus
5. Congressional Hispanic Caucus
6. Congressional JOBS NOW! Caucus
7. Congressional Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and
   Transgender (LGBT) Equality Caucus
8. Congressional Nuclear Security Caucus
9. Congressional Olympic and Paralympic Caucus
10. Congressional Prayer Caucus
11. Congressional Rural Housing Caucus
12. Congressional Soccer Caucus
13. Congressional Soils Caucus
14. Congressional Songwriters Caucus
15. Congressional Sportsmens Caucus
16. Congressional Western Caucus
17. Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus
18. Economic Literacy Caucus
19. Fragile X Caucus

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The 113th Congressand Important Congressional
Offices
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Party Breakdown in 113th Congress

• House-435
• Republicans 233 1
• Democrats 200 1
• Vacant seats but likely to be filled with 1 each

Senate-100 Democrats 53 2 55 Independents
Angus King and Bernie Sanders both caucus with
the Democrats Republicans 45
Other Interesting Stats Average Age- 57 82
Freshmen 79 women- 47 Dems and 35 Republicans 40
African and 9 Asian-Americans Americans- All
Dems 2 Native Americans-1 Dem and 1
Republican 33 Hispanics- 35 Dems and 8 Republicans
Other Interesting Stats Average Age- 62 14
Freshmen 20 women- 16 Dems and 4 Republicans 1
African American Republican 3 Hispanics- 1 Dems
and 2 Republicans
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Congressional Leadership Offices to Know

• For Unit Test- What do they do? What are the
  official jobs of each leadership position?)
• For Quiz- Who are they?-Who holds these positions
  in the 113th?? Counts as 1/3 of a test. (14
  people)

• Speaker of the House
• House Majority Leader
• House Majority Whip
• House Minority Leader
• House Minority Whip

• President of the Senate
• President Pro Tempore of the Senate
• Senate Majority Leader
• Senate Majority Whip
• Senate Minority Leader
• Senate Minority Whip

Georgias 2 Senators and 1 Congressman
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Speaker of the House

• John Boehner
• (R-Ohio)
• born 1949
• House since 1990
• Selected for position in January 2011
• (Former Minority Leader AND Majority Leader)

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Roles of Speaker of the House

• The speaker is the principal leader of the House
  or Assembly.
• The speaker typically will
• (1) preside over the daily sessions of the House
• (2) preserve order in the chamber
• (3) state parliamentary motions
• (4) rule on parliamentary questions
• (5) appoint committee chairs and members
• (6) refer bills to committee
• (7) sign legislation, writs and warrants
• (8) act as the official spokesman for the House
  or Assembly.

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House Majority Leader

• Eric Cantor
• R- VA
• Elected in 1998

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The Role of House Majority Leader

• The role of the majority leader has been defined
  by history and tradition.
• Schedules legislation for floor consideration
• Plans the daily, weekly, and annual legislative
  agendas
• Consults with Members to gauge party sentiment
• Works to advance the goals of the majority party

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House Majority Whip

• Rep. Kevin McCarthy
• Represents California 22nd District
• Born 1965
• First elected in 2007

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House Majority Whip Duties

• The duties of the majority whip are to
• (1) assist the floor leader
• (2) ensure member attendance
• (3) count votes
• (4) generally communicate the majority position

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House Minority Leader

• Nancy Pelosi
• (D-CA)
• born 1940
• House since 1987

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House Minority Leader Duties

• The minority leader is the principal leader of
  the minority caucus.
• The minority leader is responsible for
• (1) developing the minority position
• (2) negotiating with the majority party
• (3) directing minority caucus activities on the
  chamber floor
• (4) leading debate for the minority

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House Minority Whip

• Steny Hoyer
• (D-MD)
• born 1939
• House since 1981

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Minority Whip Duties

• The major responsibilities for the minority whip
  are to
• (1) assist the minority leader on the floor
• (2) count votes
• (3) ensure attendance of minority party members

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President of the Senate

• Vice-President
• Joe Biden
• Democrat
• Born 1942
• Formerly a Senator from DE
• Served 6 terms

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President of the Senate

• The Vice President of the United States is the
  President of the Senate.
• He is a non-voting member unless a vote of the
  Senate ends in a tie, in which case the Vice
  President casts the deciding vote.
• The Constitution understands that the Vice
  President will not always be available and
  provides for a President pro tempore (literally,
  a temporary president

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President Pro Tempore of the Senate

• Senator Patrick Leahy
• Democrat Vermont
• Joined Senate in 1975
• 72 years old

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President Pro Tempore of the Senate

• The President pro tempore is elected by the
  Senate
• By custom, he is the most senior senator in the
  majority party
• The position of President pro tempore is
  primarily honorary, and does not carry
  significant political power

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Senate Majority Leader

• Harry Reid
• (D-NV)
• born 1939
• Senate since 1987

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Senate Majority Leader

• Leads the majority party in the Senate
• Manages and schedules the legislative and
  executive business of the Senate
• In practice the Senate Majority leader is a
  highly influential figure and usually has a great
  deal of power over what legislation is approved
  by the Senate.
• Has authority over other officials such as Senate
  whips and floor leaders

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Senate Majority Whip

• Dick Durbin
• (D-IL)
• born 1944
• Senate since 1997

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Senate Majority Whip

• The second ranking member of the Senate
• The main function of the Majority Whip is to
  gather votes on major issues.

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Senate Minority Leader

• Mitch McConnell
• (R-KY)
• born 1942
• Senate since 1985

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Senate Minority Leader

• Elected as the leader of the minority party
• Serves as the chief Senate spokesperson for his
  or her party
• Helps to manage and schedule the legislative and
  executive business of the Senate.

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Senate Minority Whip

• John Cornyn
• ( R) Texas
• Born 1952
• Senate since 2002

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Senate Minority Whip

• The fourth ranking member of the Senate
• The main function of the Minority Whip is to
  gather votes on major issues among members of the
  minority party.

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Georgias 6th House District Representative

• Tom Price- R
• Elected in 2004
• Former State Senator
• Physician

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Georgias Senior Senator

• Saxby Chambliss- R
• Elected 2002
• Former member of House
• Businessman and lawyer

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Georgias Junior Senator

• Johnny Isakson-R
• Elected 2004
• Former member of House
• Real Estate Broker

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Georgias Congressional Delegation 8- Republican
and 5-Democrats

• Jack Kingston (R)
• 2. Sanford Bishop (D)
• 3. Lynn Westmoreland (R)
• 4. Hank Johnson (D)
• 5. John Lewis (D)
• 6. Tom Price (R)

7. Rob Woodall (R) 8. Austin Scott(R) 9. Tom
Graves(R) 10. Paul Broun, Jr. (R) 11. Phil
Gingrey (R) 12. John Barrow (D) 13. David Scott
(D)
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Important Acts and Supreme Court Cases for Test
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Know all of these

• Supreme Ct. Cases
• Dred Scott v Sandford only new case
• Shaw v Reno
• Miller v Johnson
• Baker v Carr
• Buckley v Valeo
• Gibbons v. Ogden
• Marbury v Madison
• Heart of Atlanta Motel v US

• Amendments and Acts
• 16th Amendment
• 17th Amendment
• Tonkin Gulf Resolution
• War Powers Act
• Congressional Budget and Impoundment Act

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Amendment XVI

• Gave Congress the power to tax income on a
  federal level
• The Congress shall have power to lay and collect
  taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived,
  without apportionment among the several states,
  and without regard to any census or enumeration.

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Amendment XVII

• Changed the way Senators were selected
• In the past, Senators were APPOINTED by the state
  legislatures
• The 17th Amendment allowed American citizens to
  vote for their two senators
• The Senate of the United States shall be composed
  of two Senators from each State, elected by the
  people thereof, for six years and each Senator
  shall have one vote. The electors in each State
  shall have the qualifications requisite for
  electors of the most numerous branch of the State
  legislatures.

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Tonkin Gulf Resolution- 1964

• Congressional resolution passed in 1964 that
  authorized military action in Southeast Asia.
• Officially started Vietnam War/Conflict for US
• Congress gave the president powers beyond those
  found in Article II
• The Resolution was replaced by the War Powers Act
  (Resolution) in 1973

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War Powers Act- 1973

• The War Powers Act (Resolution) of 1973
  restricted the power of the president
• Requires the president to consult with Congress
  prior to the start of any hostilities as well as
  regularly until U.S. armed forces are no longer
  engaged in hostilities
• Required president to remove U.S. armed forces
  from hostilities if Congress has not declared war
  or passed a resolution authorizing the use of
  force within 60 days
• Following an official request by the President to
  Congress, the time limit can be extended by an
  additional 30 days (presumably when "unavoidable
  military necessity" requires additional action
  for a safe withdrawal.

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Congressional Budget and Impoundment Act

• CBIA-1974
• Denied the president the right to refuse to spend
  money authorized by Congress

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Dred Scott v. Sandford (1856)

• Facts of the Case
• Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri. From 1833 to
  1843, he resided in Illinois (a free state) and
  in an area of the Louisiana Territory, where
  slavery was forbidden by the Missouri Compromise
  of 1820.
• After returning to Missouri, Scott sued
  unsuccessfully in the Missouri courts for his
  freedom, claiming that his residence in free
  territory made him a free man.
• Scott then brought a new suit in federal court.
  Scott's master maintained that no pure-blooded
  Negro of African descent and the descendant of
  slaves could be a citizen in the sense of Article
  III of the Constitution.
• Question Presented
• Was Dred Scott free or slave?

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Conclusion

• The Court ruled that Dred Scott was a slave and
  according to the Court no one but a citizen of
  the United States could be a resident of a state,
  and that only Congress could confer national
  citizenship.
• The conclusion upheld the idea that no person
  descended from an American slave had ever been a
  citizen
• The Court then declared that the Missouri
  Compromise unconstitutional, hoping to end the
  slavery question once and for all.

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney
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Read Chapter 7Study Terms and Case File
Carefully!!!?
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