Ch. 27-29: The 50s and 60s

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Ch. 27-29 The 50s and 60s

• Additional Notes

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The Fair Deal

• Harry S Trumans ambitious economic program
• An extension of the New Deal
• Congress opposed some of the Fair Deal and it
  never passed
• Fair Deal was successful at increasing the
  minimum wage, extending Social Security, and
  building low-income housing

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White Flight

• Millions of middle-class whites left cities for
  the suburbs in the 1950s
• Cities lost not only the people and businesses
  but also the property and income taxes they had
  paid
• Thus, city governments could not afford to
  maintain or improve schools or other public
  institutions
• The urban poor suffered

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Fidel Castro

• Came to power in Cuba after leading a 3-year
  guerrilla war to oust the unpopular and corrupt
  dictator Fulgencio Batista
• After taking power, Castro took over oil
  refineries and sugar plantations in Cuba owned by
  the U.S.
• Castro declared himself a Communist and U.S.-Cuba
  relations worsened

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The Bay of Pigs

• The CIA planned, and JFK approved, an invasion of
  Cuba by CIA trained Cuban exiles
• The plan was to overthrow Castro
• On April 17, 1961, the invasion began, with the
  exiles landing in southern Cuba at the Bay of Pigs

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• Nothing went as planned and the invasion was a
  huge failure
• Kennedy took responsibility for the failure at
  the Bay of Pigs
• It was the worst embarrassment of his
  administration
• The invasion of his country resulted in Castro
  seeking further Soviet aid

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The Cuban Missile Crisis

• October 1962 U-2 spy planes detect Soviet
  nuclear missiles that have been set up in Cuba
• Kennedy authorized a quarantine (naval blockade)
  of Cuba to keep any further missiles from being
  delivered

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• The world was on the brink of a nuclear
  confrontation as Soviet ships headed toward the
  island
• At the last minute, Khrushchev ordered the ships
  to turn around
• Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles in
  return for a U.S. pledge not to invade Cuba
• The crisis severely damaged Khrushchevs prestige
  in the Soviet Union and the world

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New Frontier

• President John F. Kennedys legislative program,
  which included proposals to provide medical care
  for the elderly, to rebuild blighted urban areas,
  to aid education, to bolster the national
  defense, to increase international aid, and to
  expand the space program.

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The Great Society

• President Lyndon B. Johnsons program to reduce
  poverty and racial injustice and to promote a
  better quality of life in the United States
• Most lasting legislation of the Great Society was
  the establishment of Medicare (old-age medical
  insurance) and Medicaid (health insurance for
  welfare recipients)

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• The Great Society greatly increased the size and
  scope of the federal government
• It also cost a lot of taxpayer money to pay for
  these entitlement programs

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Reforms of the Warren Court

• Banned school prayer
• Declared state-required loyalty oaths
  unconstitutional
• Expanded the meaning of free speech to include
  symbolic speech
• Declared some types of congressional
  reapportionment illegal
• Expanded the rights of the accused (Miranda
  rights)

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The NAACP Legal Strategy

• The NAACPs strategy to chip away at the
  segregationist tenets of Plessy v. Ferguson
• Many landmark court rulings attacked segregation,
  the most important being Brown v. Board of
  Education

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De Facto/De Jure Segregation

• De facto segregation racial separation
  established by practice and custom, not by law
  prominent in northern cities and harder to combat
  than de jure segregation
• De jure segregation racial separation
  established by law

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Watts Riots

• Racial riots broke out in Los Angeles after a
  confrontation between police and the mother of a
  young man being arrested for a DUI.
• The argument sparked 6 days of rioting in which
  34 people were killed and over 30 million worth
  of damage was done.

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• While the Watts riots of 1965 does go down in
  history as one of the worst race riots in United
  States history, it was only one of hundreds of
  riots and violent clashes that took place
  throughout the United States during the 1960s.

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Malcolm X

• While in prison, Malcolm Little studied the
  teaching of Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation
  of Islam (Black Muslims).
• When released, he changed his name to Malcolm X
  and began preaching Islam, becoming one of Elijah
  Muhammads most famous disciples.

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• Malcolm X was controversial because of his
  statements advocating fighting back against
  racism and oppression, with violence if
  necessary.
• He later broke with the Nation of Islam to form
  his own organization
• In 1965, Malcolm X was gunned down while giving a
  speech in Harlem

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Black Panthers

• Founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in
  Oakland, CA in 1966, the Black Panthers was a
  radical political party that advocated armed
  revolt to win equality for blacks.

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MLK Assassination

• One day after seeming to prophesize his own
  death, MLK, Jr. was shot through the neck while
  standing on a hotel balcony in Memphis,
  Tennessee.
• The bullet, fired by James Earl Ray, took the
  life of Dr. King on April 4th, 1968. Many
  mourned. Some rejoiced.

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Civil Rights Act of 1968

• Just one of the many pieces of legislation that
  came into being as a result of the Civil Rights
  movement.
• The Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned
  discrimination in housing.

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