Study Guide

1
Study Guide

• Semester 1

2
Geography 1

• Page xxxii
• Is the study of the earth and its features.
• Climate, location, landforms, resources,
  environment.

3
Jobs of historical scientists pg. 5 2

• Archaeologists learn about early people by
  studying bones and artifacts of early people
• Paleontologist study fossils of plants and
  animals who once lived
• Anthropologists study culture of early people
  by studying artifacts from archaeological digs
• Geologists study the land and its changes over
  time.

4
Fossils and artifacts 14

• Fossils are imprints of plants and animals found
  in rocks and are studied by paleontologists.
• Artifacts are man made objects from the past,
  found by archaeologists and studied by
  anthropologist to learn how people once lived.

5
Old Stone Age 3 and 9

• Also called the Paleolithic Age lasted from 2.5
  million to 8,000 B.C.
• During this time period people were nomads who
  hunted and gathered for their food.
• Accomplishments included
• Invention of tools, mastery of fire, and
  development of language

6
New Stone Age 4

• Neolithic Age began about 8000 B.C. and ended
  about 3000 B.C. with the invention of Bronze.
• Accomplishments polish stone tools, make
  pottery, grow crops and raise animals
  (domestication)

7
Timeline of life on Earth 6 and 7

• Human remains were first found on the continent
  of Africa about 4 to 5 million years ago
• Earth is formed about 4.4 billion years ago
• 240 million years ago dinosaurs appear
• 65 million years ago dinosaurs become extinct
  and first mammals appear.

8
Prehistory 10

• Before writing was invented and when history must
  be gathered from evidence like bones and
  artifacts (cave art), but no written record
  actually exists from the time.

9
Characteristics of a Civilization pg 2111

• Complex Institutions
• Advanced Cities
• Specialized workers
• Record Keeping
• Advanced Technology

10
River Valleys pg 29 12 and 24

• Civilizations developed along river valleys
  because rich soil from silt deposits allowed for
  very successful farming.
• Rivers provided irrigation for the crops without
  reliance on only rainwater.
• First civilization in Sumer around 3000 B.C.

11
Gilgamesh 16

• One of the first discovered pieces of written
  literature, written on cuneiform about a
  legendary king of Uruk named Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh
  was a Sumerian King.

12
First civilization 24

• Sumerians in Mesopotamia (land between two
  rivers)
• First system of writing developed by the
  Sumerians was cuneiform

13
Rosetta Stone 29

• 1799 French troops discover a stone in Rosetta,
  Egypt with both Greek and two forms of
  hieroglyphics. This discovery helped scientists
  decode hieroglypics.

14
First uniform code of laws 22

• Hammurabis Code recognized that a single
  uniform code of law would unify a diverse groups
  within his empire.
• Eye for and Eye
• Different classes treated differently
• Stone is in British Museum

15
Government 23

• Rule by the people
• Direct democracy each citizen votes for all
  decisions
• Republic each citizens votes for its
  representatives

16
Egypt 25,26,27

• Delta broad marshy area, triangular shaped area
  of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth
  of the river.
• Papyrus Papyrus reeds grew along the Nile and
  Egyptians split the reeds and created the first
  paper like surface for writing.
• Hieroglyphics- system of writing developed by the
  Egyptians

17
Egypt 28

• Mummification Egyptians believed in the
  afterlife and believed that the body and its
  belongings would be carried off into the
  afterlife. A very time consuming process allowed
  bodies to be preserved until today for scientists
  to examine and study.

18
Primary source 30

• Primary source is something from the time period
  being studied written by a person who witnessed
  the event first hand
• Diary entry, newspaper article, personal account

19
Natural barriers protected Egypt31

• Deserts on both sides of the Nile

20
Why did city-states develop in Greece? 32

• Mountainous terrain (geographic feature) isolated
  many areas of Greece from each other and separate
  city-states developed with their own governments.

21
Minoans Civilization 33

• Developed on the island of Crete

22
Spartans vs. Athenians 34

• Trait most admired by Spartans was physical
  strength while Athenians most admired art,
  literature and education

23
Events in Ancient Greece 35 and 36

• Trojan War
• Dorian invasion
• Persian War
• Golden Age of Greece and Delian League
• Peloponnesian War

24
Hellenistic Culture 37

• Alexander the Greats Empire included all of the
  following cultures Indian, Persian, Egyptian and
  Greek. Hellenistic Culture blends all of these
  cultures together.

25
Trojan War 38

• War between city of Troy and Mycenaeans. During
  the 1200s B.C. the Mycenaeans fought a 10 year
  war against Troy because a Trojan prince had
  kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of the Greek
  king.

26
Homer 39

• 1150 B.C. to 759 B.C. Dorians invade Greece and
  the art of writing disappears for 200 years
• Homer a blind Greek storyteller composed two epic
  poems called the ILLIAD and the Odyssey which
  tell about the Trojan War and a soldiers ten
  year journey home from the war.

27
Punic Wars 40

• Carthage and Rome both wanted to control the
  Mediterranean Sea. They both came to odds about
  264 B.C.

28
Results of the Punic Wars 41

• Carthage was burned
• Citizens of Carthage were killed or made slaves
• Rome gained control of North Africa, Sicily,
  Sardinia, Greece, Spain

29
Julius Caesar 42

• Military leader who formed the First Triumvirate
  with Crassus and Pompey.
• Assassinated in 44 B.C. by fellow senators
• He ruled Rome as an absolute ruler
• and officially ended the
• Roman Republic and
• began the Roman
• Empire

30
Pax Romana 43

• Augustus, Julius Caesars nephew gained power in
  27 B.C. His rule began a period of 200 year peace
  for Rome.

31
Aqueduct 44

• Using arches technology Romans invented a system
  to deliver clean water to its cities which
  improved the health of many.

32
Pompeii 45
In 79 A.D. Mount Vesuvius erupted violently and
buried the entire city of Pompeii creating a
world stopped in time. Many historians study
Pompeii To learn exactly how ancient Romans lived.
33
Grecco Roman Culture 46

• Blending of Greek, Roman and Hellenistic Culture
  which is the basis of Western Civilization even
  today.

34
Roman Road System 47
Appian Way is one such road

• A system of roads built by the Romans
• Linked a vast empire
• Provided a way to move the legions
• Provided a way for farmers to deliver their crops
  to the cities

35
Decline of the Roman Empire 48

• Increasing invasions from borders
• Inflation
• Lack of loyalty among Romans
• No more war treasures
• Disruption of trade

• Capital moved to Constantinople
• and split of empire into east and west
• Low funds for troops

36
Constantinople 49

• In 300 A.C. Emperor Constantine moves the capital
  of Rome to Constantinople. Located near the
  entrance to the Black Sea, called Bosporus Strait
  and modern day Turkey.

37
Bosporus Strait is location Of Constantinople Now
called Istanbul
38
Decline of Roman Empire 50

• Invasion of Germanic Tribes
• Huns, a group of Mongol nomads, Attila is their
  leader invade east and western empire

39
Attila the Hun 51

• In 444 A.D. the Huns united under a powerful
  chieftain named Attila. They attacked both east
  and western parts of the Roman Empire but failed
  to scale the high walls of Constantinople.
• Attila died in 453 A.D. and the invasions ended.

40
Inflation 52

• Prices rise as the value of money declines. Rome
  suffered from inflation which was one cause of
  its eventual decline.

41
Phalanx, Patrician, Plebian and Legion 53

• Phalanx Greek military formation
• Patrician Rich Roman
• Plebian Common person in Rome
• Legion Military formation of 5,000 troops used
  by the Romans

42
Roman Law 54

• Equal treatment under the law
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Burden of proof rests on the accuser not the
  accused.
• Any unfair laws can be put aside
• Basis of the legal system in the U.S. and many
  European countries today