Morphemes

1
Morphemes
kumilad
2
A little Persian
Suffix
Morpheme
-i

dana
xub
daroSt
bozorg
Sirin

danai
xubi
daroSti
bozorgi
Sirini
3
A little Persian
Suffix
Morpheme
-i
Noun Former
Persian English
dana wise
xub good
daroSt thick
bozorg big
Sirin sweet
Persian English
danai wisdom
xubi goodness
daroSti thickness
bozorgi size
Sirini sweetness
4
A little Persian
Suffix
Morpheme
-i
Noun Former





Sirin sweet





Sirini sweetness
Simplex
Complex
adjective gt adjective-affixnoun
Noun
Noun
Af
Adjective
Adj
Adjective
Adj
Af
5
The unit

• Phonetics the phone.
• Phonology the phoneme.
• Lexicology the word.
• Morphology the morpheme.
• Syntax the sentence.
• Semantics the proposition.

6
morph ology
shape talk
morphology isomorphic polymorphic amorphous metamorphic metamorphosis anthropomorphic Morpheus morphine morpheme allomorph (to) morph technology psychology astrology scientology appliantology geology theology biology zoölogy genealogy logos logic
7
morph ology
shape talk
morphology isomorphic polymorphic amorphous metamorphic metamorphosis anthropomorphic Morpheus morphine morpheme allomorph (to) morph technology psychology astrology scientology appliantology geology theology biology zoölogy genealogy logos logic
8
The smallest signifier/signified bundles

• un-
• Antonym former
• re-
• Iterative former
• draw
• Verb, to make representative marks
• -s
• Third-singular-present agreement former
• -ing
• Present-participle former

9
Homophony/PolysemyBut, matching the signifiers
and signifieds is not a piece of cake

• -ing
• Present-participle former
• Oriana is drawing the cat
• -ing
• Gerund former
• Orianas drawing of the cat is beautiful.
• -ing
• Adjective former
• Orianas drawing chalk is the white one

10
SignifierSemasiology
SignifiedOnomasiology
Bound!Derivational!
What type is -i?

• Morpheme form
• free ( word)
• bound ( affix)
• prefix
• suffix
• infix
• circumfix

• Morpheme function
• derivational
• change meaning dramatically, and/or word category
• inflectional
• never change category, and only change meaning
  very subtly

Noun
Af
adjective
xubi
11
Affix rules

• prefix
• oldcategory gt affix-oldcategorynewcategory
• suffix
• oldcategory gt oldcategory-affixnewcategory
• infix
• oldcategory gt old-affix- categorynewcategory
• circumfix
• oldcategory gt af-oldcategory-fixnewcategory

12
Affix rules

• Prefix e.g.
• un- adjective gt un-adjective adjective
• anti- adjective gt anti-adjective adjective
• anti- noun gt anti-noun noun
• suffix
• -er verb gt verb-ernoun
• -ness adjective gt adjective-nessnoun
• -ly adjective gt adjective-lyadverb

• unattractive
• anti-racist
• anti-racism
• writer
• happiness
• quickly

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CompoundsMorphological analysis
Noun
Adjective
Noun
blackboard
14
Free morphemeMorphological analysis
Noun? Verb? Adjective? Adverb? Preposition? Determ
iner? Qualifier? Quantifier? Who cares?
?
fly
15
Free morpheme Morphological analysis
Noun
fly
16
Free morpheme Morphological analysis
Verb
fly
17
Free morpheme Morphological analysis
Adjective
fly
18
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)
Morphological analysis
?
Af
?
flies
19
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)
Morphological analysis
Noun
Af
Noun
Plural
flies
20
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)
Morphological analysis
Verb
Af
Verb
3rd singularpresentagreement
flies
21
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)
Morphological analysis
Adjective
Af
Adjective
flies
22
Free morpheme Morphological analysis
Adjective
Adjective
Af
Adjective
Af
Adjective
flier
fliest
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Optionality
optionality
24
Optionality
Noun
optionality
25
Optionality
Noun
Adj
optionality
26
Optionality
Noun
Adj
Noun
Af
optionality
27
Optionality
Noun
Adj
Noun
Af
Verb
Af
Af
optionality
28
Optionality
Noun
Adj
Noun
Af
Verb
Af
Af
optionality
29
Roots and stems
stems
optionality
root
30
Ainu (Japan)
haparu soft
ehaparu to be unable to endure
niSte hard
eniSte to be able to endure
pirka good
epirka to gain
wen bad
ewen to lose
31
adjective gt e-adjectiveverb
e- verb former Stativehave adjectival quality Activechange towardsstate described by adjective
verb former Stativehave adjectival quality Activechange towardsstate described by adjective
verb former Stativehave adjectival quality Activechange towardsstate described by adjective
32
Ainu (Japan)
Verb
Adjective
Af
e pirka
33
Bontoc (Philippines)

• kumilad he is becoming red
• fumusul he is becoming an enemy
• fikas strong
• fumikas he is becoming strong
• fusul enemy
• bato stone
• bumato he is becoming hard
• kilad red

Whats he reading?
34
Bontoc (Philippines)
kumilad he is becoming red

• -um-
• third-person
• singular
• masculine
• inchoative
• verb-former

he, not I or you
he, not they
he, not she or it
becoming
is state change
35
Bontoc (Philippines)
k um ilad
36
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
wakas cow
nwakas my cow
wjakas his cow

pama clothes
mpama my clothes
pjama his clothes
buRu donkey
mbuRu my donkey
bjuRu his donkey

kama cornfield
Nkama my cornfield
kjama his cornfield
37
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
wakas cow
nwakas my cow
wjakas his cow

pama clothes
mpama my clothes
pjama his clothes
buRu donkey
mbuRu my donkey
bjuRu his donkey

kama cornfield
Nkama my cornfield
kjama his cornfield
38
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
wakas cow
nwakas my cow
wjakas his cow

pama clothes
mpama my clothes
pjama his clothes
buRu donkey
mbuRu my donkey
bjuRu his donkey

kama cornfield
Nkama my cornfield
kjama his cornfield
39
MorphologyZoque possessives
-j- third-person singular masculine possessive
40
MorphologyZoque possessives
b j uRu
41
Morphology noun gt n-j-ounnoun
b j uRu
42
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
m-, n-, N- first-person singular possessive
43
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
Noun
Noun
Noun
Af
Af
Af
Noun
Noun
Noun
Assimilation in place of articulation
m pama
n wakas
N kama
44
Chickasaw
Affirmative Affirmative Negative Negative
Word Translation Word Translation
chokma He is good. ikchokmo He isnt good.
lakna It is yellow. iklakno It isnt yellow.
palli It is hot. ikpallo It isnt hot.
tiwwi He opens it. iktiwwo He doesnt open it.
45
Chickasaw
-a, -i third-person singular affirmative ik-
-o third-person singular negative
Verb forms chokm- lakn- pall- tiww-
46
Chickasaw circumfix
verb gt ik-verb-overb
iklakno
47
Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes
Noun
Verb
Adj
Adj
Af
Af
Verb
postmodernism
iklakno
48
Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes
postmodernism
iklakno
49
English Circumfixes

• em-bold-en
• en-light-en
• ir-regard-less
• a-work-in
• a-turn-in
• a-change-in

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English Infixes
51
English reduplication
dilly-dally heebie-jeebies chit-chat fiddle-faddl
e mumbo-jumbo hocus-pocus
52
English reduplication
boy toy toy boy pooper scooper artsy-fartsy walki
e-talkie wiggle-waggle
53
English reduplication
Ping-pong vs.Table tennis
54
English reduplication gang-bang
Onomasiologically extremely serious referents
Semasiologically trivializing reduplicative form
55
English -er

• farmer, writer, hiker, reader, drawer, printer,
  
• Londoner, Winnipeger,
• villager, foreigner,
• printer, toaster, heater, freezer,
• page-turner, reader, drawer,
• chatter, mutter, flicker,
• triple-decker, porker,

Agentive
Locative1 (geographic)
Locative2 (type)
Instrumental
Patient
Frequentive
Other
56
Radial networkEnglish -er
generalization
inversion
specialization
57
Productivity

• The relative ability to produce new words.
• -er
• farmer, writer, shooter, runner, pleaser,
  sleeper, weeper, golfer, diddler, plumber,
  butcher, baker, candle-stick-maker, bliffnatter,
  ludniffer,
• a-
• asexual, amoral, achromatic, ?

58
Productivity

• petro-
• petroleum, Petrocanda, petrochemical,
  petrodollars, petropolitics,

• -cast
• broadcast, telecast, newscast, sportscast,
  podcast,

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Productivity

• cran-
• cranberry, cran-apple, cran-cherry, cran-grape,
  cran-raspberry, crangerine, cran-mango,
• huckle-
• huckleberry
• rasp-
• raspberry

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Morphology

• Semasiological
• free (word)
• bound (affix)
• Onomasiological
• derivational (new word)
• inflectional (new function)
• Rules
• Structures
• Productivity