The Process That

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• The Process That
• Made America Great

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Manufacturing

• What is manufacturing?
• When Where did it begin?
• Why did people invent it?
• What innovations improved it?
• Has the course of history been affected by
  manufacturing?

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Manufacturing

Changing materials into usable products in a
workshop or factory.
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The term manufacturing comes from the Latin term
manu factus
which means "made by hand"
That's not quite what we think of today.
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The Rise of Manufacturing

• Centuries ago, all products were made by hand. In
  fact, families themselves used to make most of
  the products they needed.

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The Rise of Manufacturing

• Over a million years ago evidence shows that the
  first form of manufacturing was tool making.

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The Rise of Manufacturing

• They grew their own food, built their own homes,
  made their own clothes, tools and other
  necessities in order to survive.
• This left very little free time because they
  had to work from sun-up to sun down just to
  survive. Life was hard.

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The Rise of Manufacturing

• As time passed, some people became very skilled
  at making certain things. In fact they became so
  good at it, they could make more than they
  personally needed.
• These people used their specialized skills to
  make products for other people .

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The Rise of Manufacturing

• A person who mastered making things out of wood
  or metal might make these products for the entire
  community and trade them for other products made
  by other people.

• This was called the Barter System

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The Rise of Manufacturing

• Later, as time and technology advanced, these
  people started specializing in a craft. They
  produced goods and sold them to a merchant who
  sold them in a store.

• This was called the Mercantile System

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The Rise of Manufacturing

• As communities and civilization grew so did the
  need for products people need and want.
• Today virtually everything we use is manufactured
  in some way.

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What if.?

• What would your life be like today without
  manufacturing?
• Write a brief description of what youd have to
  do without and what your daily routine would be
  like without the manufactured goods you have
  access to now.

?
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1. What does manufacturing mean?

1. Changing materials into usable products in a
   workshop or factory
2. Made by hand
3. Both A and B
4. None of the above

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2. Which statement is true?

1. Before the 1800s products were made using
   robotics.
2. Before the 1800s the majority of products were
   manufactured in factories.
3. Before the 1800s virtually all products were
   made by hand
4. None of these are true.

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3. The barter system was

1. The importing of goods from other countries
2. The exchange excess goods from a family for goods
   from another
3. The sale of goods to a store
4. None of the above

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4. The mercantile system was

1. The importing of goods from other countries
2. The exchange excess goods from a family for goods
   from another
3. The sale of goods to a merchant who sold them
   through a store.
4. None of the above

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5. The first form of manufacturing was used in

1. Tool making
2. Shoe making
3. The production line
4. The ford automobile

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The Rise of Manufacturing

• Making products by hand was inefficient. A lot of
  time and money were required to make each item
  and no two items were identical.
• This method was used well into the 1700s.

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The Rise of Manufacturing

• The world population like the colonies was
  growing fast. More and more people with more and
  more needs and wants called for new ideas.
• People continued to develop more efficient
  methods of making products. In the late 1700s
  some significant changes took place in a time
  period called..

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The Industrial Revolution
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The Industrial Revolution

• New manufacturing machines were invented.
• A new power source was harnessed steam
• Products were now made in factories.

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What Started the Industrial Revolution?
James Watt
1769
The Steam Engine
In England
Why was that a Big Deal?
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Before the Steam EngineThe Sources of Power Were

• Water

• Man/Woman

• Fire

• Wind

• Animal

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The Steam Engine had advantages over those five
power sources

• Man/Women get bored, have to rest, have families
  that get sick, have to eat.
• Animals cant work 24 hrs either. Their up-keep
  is an additional expense.
• Water there can be a drought or a flood. Relies
  on a down stream flow.
• Wind isnt predictable or dependable.
• Fire A lot of effort went into chopping
  splitting wood.

• The Steam Engine can go 24hrs a day.
• The only thing the Steam Engine needs is
  coal/wood and water.
• A steam powered boat can go up stream. Uses water
  but not as much
• Steam Engine is dependable 24/7
• Steam Engine relies on fire but not as much fuel
  to make it.

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Before the Steam Engine, early factories had to
be located on the banks of rivers.
Afterwards factories no longer had to be built
near rivers. They could be closer to the source
of raw materials. Costs were lowered because
manufacturers no longer had to pay for
transporting raw materials over long distances.
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6. The Englishman credited for starting the
Industrial Revolution in 1769 with his invention
of the steam engine was..

1. Henry Ford.
2. Albert Einstein.
3. George Washington.
4. James Watt.

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7. What was the advantage of using the steam
engine in manufacturing?

1. The power supplied by the steam engine was
   available 24 hours a day.
2. The steam engine replaced horses as the source of
   power.
3. Steam Engine relies on fire but not as much fuel
   to make it.
4. All of these.

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8. What factors played a key role in the start of
the industrial revolution?

1. New manufacturing machines were being invented.
2. A new power source (steam) was introduced.
3. Products were beginning to be made in factories.
4. All of these.

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9. Which of these is not a source of power?

1. Wind
2. Human
3. Water
4. Wheel

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10. Before the steam engine where were most
factories built?

1. In a big city.
2. Next to a river or stream.
3. On a lake.
4. In the mountains.

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How Would You Like This Job?

• The earliest steam engine was operated by
  controlling two valves. Someone had to open and
  close each valve by hand continually to keep the
  engine running.
• A boy named Humphrey Potter (no relation to
  Harry) grew bored doing this. He devised a method
  where the action of the engine would control the
  opening and closing of the valves in proper
  order. Putting his idea to work not only doubled
  the speed of the engine, but was the invention of
  the automatic valve.

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Mass Production Interchangeable Parts

• American inventor, pioneer, mechanical engineer,
  and manufacturer, Eli Whitney is best remembered
  as the inventor of the cotton gin.
• He also affected the industrial development of
  the United States when, in manufacturing muskets
  for the government, he translated the concept of
  interchangeable parts into a manufacturing
  system, giving birth to the American
  mass-production concept.
• Source National Inventors Hall of Fame

Eli Whitney
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Necessity is the Mother of Invention.

• Prior to the development of the concept of
  interchangeable parts, products like guns were
  made one at a time by skilled craftsmen. Like
  pieces of art, no two products were identical.
  Even the screws were made by hand.
• There were disadvantages to the consumer because
  of the way they were manufactured
• 1. It took a long time to receive your gun
  because the gunsmith made it for you after you
  ordered it.
• 2. If a part broke, a new part would have to be
  made specifically for it.
• 3. Since it took so much of the gunsmiths time
  to make each gun, each one cost a lot of money.

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Necessity is the Mother of Invention.
OOPS! The Trigger broke. Now what do I do?

• The problem is that no matter how much money you
  had, it still took time to fix the gun if it
  broke.
• In the middle of a battlefield thats not a good
  thing. There were no Time Outs.
• You aim, pull the trigger and it breaks. Since
  theres no such thing as spare parts, the best
  you would be able to do is bat bullets as theyre
  coming at you! GOOD LUCK!
• Thats the way it was until Whitney developed
  this concept of interchangeable parts.

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Necessity is the Mother of Invention.

• The newly formed U.S. government needed muskets
  for the army to fight the English.
• As they do today, a call was made for bids from
  businesses that could make the weapons. No
  Gunsmith could manufacture the 10,000 muskets in
  the time the government needed them, and the cost
  was going too be high.
• Eli Whitney claimed that he could make 10,000 in
  one year and at a fraction of the cost. To prove
  his point he brought the parts of a gun to
  Washington and had the president assemble them.
  He got the contract on the spot.

Some of Whitneys gun parts
But howd he do that??
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Mass Production Standardized Parts

• Mass Production - making many copies of a product
  all at once, instead of one at a time.
• Whitneys four parts of a mass production system
• Special Machines Like the drill press
• Specialized Labor Minimum wage vs Gunsmiths
• Jigs and fixtures Helps unskilled labor do
  skilled work.
• A Standard System of Measurement (Rulers)
• THE KEY TO MASS PRODUCTION IS .
• THE PARTS ARE STANDARDIZED
• (Every trigger is identical to the others and fit
  any gun)

Drill Press
Cotton Gin
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and the rest
is history!
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11. Who was given credit for developing the
process of mass production?

1. James Watt.
2. Benjamin Franklin.
3. George Washington.
4. Eli Whitney.

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12. What was Eli Whitneys Key to a mass
production system?

1. Lots of unskilled labor doing the work.
2. Hiring gunsmiths to do the work.
3. Standardized Parts.
4. Jigs and Fixtures.

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13. What did Whitney mass produce for the new
U.S. Government?

1. Muskets.
2. Machine Guns.
3. Tanks.
4. The Cotton Gin.

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Did You Know

• The first American factories were Textile. They
  made fabric/cloth.
• The technology that these factories needed was in
  England.
• The English Parliament wanted to keep these jobs
  and profits in England. As a result they passed
  laws against taking these inventions or their
  plans to the U.S. They wouldnt even allow
  mechanics who worked in English factories to
  emigrate to the U.S. !
• HOWEVER

The Spinning Jenny
The Water Frame
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Technology Believe It or Whatever

• Samuel Slater, an experienced young mechanic who
  knew a great deal about the new machines decided
  to sneak out of England because he sympathized
  with the colonists.
• In 1789 he left for the United States. He
  couldnt bring drawings or plans with him.
  However, he had an excellent memory so he
  memorized them. Within a year, he had built the
  first textile mill in the U.S. from plans he drew
  straight from his head!

Believe It!
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What made Henry Ford famous?

• He didnt invent the car. It was invented in
  France The Lavassor in 1889.
• He didnt even make the first mass produced car
  in the U.S. He was beaten to the market by Random
  Eli Olds and his Oldsmobile.
• He is best remembered for devising the factory
  assembly approach to production that
  revolutionized the auto industry by greatly
  reducing the time required to assemble a car from
  14hrs to 1 ½ hrs, reducing the cost dramatically.
• He perfected the Assembly Line

Henry Ford
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What made Henry Ford famous?

• He used Eli Whitneys concept and improved on it.
• Instead of bringing the parts to the product, the
  product was moved from station to station where
  the parts were installed as it went by
• This made it possible to speed up production
  which lowered the cost of production and that
  made the car more affordable to more people.
• Until then only the wealthy could afford a car.

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Think About It.

• Ford was beaten to the market by R.E. Olds
  because he was working on an engine that ran on a
  different fuel than gasoline. Olds patented the
  first engine that used gasoline in 1897, the
  Curved Dash Oldsmobile.
• Ford gave up on his engine, converted to the
  gasoline engine in 1908 and in a short time
  out-produced Olds taking the lead in U.S. car
  manufacturing.

The Curved Dash Oldsmobile 1907 Price - 650.00
Fords Model T 1908 Price - 850.00 1910 Price -
280.00
19,000 were made in 1910
Only 5000 made in 1910
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What Fuel did Ford callThe Fuel of the Future?

• ALCOHOL (Ethyl Alcohol - Ethanol)
• Made from vegetables like corn or potatoes or
  fruit. Renewable, burns clean, extinguishes with
  water.
• Are there cars that run on alcohol today?

Yes
No
or
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So why dont all cars use alcohol?

• IT COSTS MORE! (At least for now) Due to how
  little is manufactured compared to gasoline.

• Even at 5.00 a gallon, Gasoline is much cheaper.

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Changing History
If you could go back in time and stop R.E. Olds
long enough for Ford to finish his alcohol
burning engine and all cars ran on alcohol what
would be different today? List as many ways each
of the following catagories would be different
today.

• The Environment
• The Economy
• The World

Be ready to share and explain your opinion.
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• The Environment
• Air Pollution
• Oil well drilling/spills
• The Economy
• US dependency on foreign oil?
• Oil refineries and Hurricanes
• Farmers would be rich.
• The World
• Would the middle east be a threat today?
• Would countries have strong agricultural
  technology be the richest?

ONE PERSON AND ONE INVENTION CAN CHANGE THE
COURSE OF HISTORY!
YOU HAVE THE SAME POWER!!
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14. The first American factories manufactured
what product?

1. Muskets.
2. Textiles.
3. Automobiles.
4. Computers.

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15. Henry Ford invented the automobile.

• True.
• False.

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16. Henry Ford perfected the ______ which allowed
him to produce more cars at a lower cost to the
consumer.

• Assembly line.
• Interchangeable part.
• Gasoline Engine.
• Installment plan.

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17. The first mass produced vehicle in the U.S.
was the.

• Oldsmobile.
• Chevrolet.
• Stanley Steamer.
• Ford.

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18. How long did it take Fords manufacturing
plant to assemble a vehicle?

• 14 hrs.
• 14 days.
• 1 ½ days.
• 1 ½ hrs.

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19. What combustable fuel did Henry Ford call
the fuel of the future?

• Gasoline.
• Alcohol.
• Petrolium.
• Natural Gas.

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20. Alcohol is a ______ fuel?

• Cheap.
• Renewable.
• Fossil.
• Useless.

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END OF UNIT 3
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Key
for

• C
• C
• B
• C
• A
• D
• D
• D
• D
• B

• D
• C
• A
• B
• FALSE
• A
• A
• D
• B
• B

Questions