CPS 111

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CPS 111 Introduction to Information
Communication Technology
Lecture 2 HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, NETWORKS Lecturer
Mr. B. SINGHATEH
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• Functions of personal computer
• Hardware
• Software
• Networks
• To research Multiplexer

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Computers range from the smallest PDAs to the
largest CPU mainframes

• Todays computer systems come in a variety of
  sizes shapes and computing capabilities
• Super Computers
• Mainframe Systems
• Midrange computers
• Microcomputers

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Purchase prices for supercomputers can range from
5M to 50M USD

• The term supercomputer describes a category of
  extremely powerful computers
• Specifically designed for scientific, engineering
  and business applications requiring extremely
  high speeds
• Use parallel processing architectures or
  interconnected microcomputers
• As of November 2008, the fastest supercomputer is
  the IBM Roadrunner

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Super Computer
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Mainframe use is on the rise as a result of
emerging applications such as data
mining/warehousing and ecommerce

• Mainframe systems continue to handle the
  information processing needs of major
  corporations and government agencies
• Used to handle high transaction processing volume
  or complex computational problem solving
• Can process thousands of million instructions per
  second
• Have large primary storage capacity

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A Mainframe Computer
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Features

• large-sized
• Powerful multi-user computers that can
• support concurrent programs.
• -- Mainframe computers can be used by as many as
  hundreds or thousands of users at the same time.
• Large organizations may use a mainframe computer
  to execute large-scale processes such as
  processing the organization's payroll.

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Though less powerful, midrange systems are less
costly to buy, operate and maintain than
mainframe systems

• Midrange - Systems are primarily high-end network
  servers and other types of servers that can
  handle the processing of many business
  applications
• Often used to help manage larger Internet
  websites, corporate intranets and extranets and
  other networks
• Other applications such as data warehouse
  management, data mining and online analytical
  processing are becoming popular

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Futures

• Are mid-sized multi-processing computers.
  --Support a good number of users
• In recent years the distinction between
  mini-computers and small mainframes has become
  blurred.
• Organizations may use a mini-computer for such
  tasks as
• -Managing financial system or maintaining a small
  database or applications

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Microcomputers are the most important category
for consumers

• Also called PCs (personal computers)
• PCs are available as hand-held, notebook, laptop,
  portable, desktop or floor-standing models
• Other examples of microcomputers include
• Workstation computers that support applications
  e.g. IBM 1620
• Network servers that coordinate
  telecommunications and resource sharing in small
  networks

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A Micro Computer
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There are several additional, smaller, categories
of microcomputers

• Network computers
• Sealed and networked microcomputers with minimal
  disk storage
• Primarily used with the internet
• Low cost to purchase, maintain, upgrade and
  support
• Information appliances
• Hand-held personal digital assistants (PDAs) are
  the most popular IA
• Computer terminals
• Use keypads, touch screens, bar code scanners
  etc. to capture data and interact with end users
  during a transaction, while relying on other
  computers in the network for further transaction
  processing

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What do you look for in a new PC system?

• A large monitor? Lots of RAM? Capacious hard
  drive?
• Price of a new computer is only a small part of
  the total cost of ownership (TCO)
• Support, maintenance, upgrades etc. contribute
  far more heavily to the total sum
• Large corporations are more concerned with the
  following
• Solid performance at a reasonable price
• Operating system ready
• Connectivity

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How fast are computer systems?

• Early computer operating speeds were measured in
  milliseconds (thousandths of a second)
• Now computers operate in the nanosecond
  (billionth of a second) range
• An average person taking one step each nanosecond
  would circle the earth 20 times in one second
• Picoseconds (trillionth of a second) have been
  achieved by some computers
• Most computers process instructions at million
  instructions per second (MIPS)
• Another measure of processing speed is megahertz
  (MHz), or millions or cycles per second, and
  gigahertz (GHz), or billions of cycles per second

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Operating speed is only one factor which impacts
processing speed

• Operating speed ratings can be misleading
  indicators of effective processing (ability to
  perform useful computations or data processing
  during a given period of time)
• Processing speed depends on several additional
  factors
• Size of circulatory paths
• Capacity of instruction processing registers
• Use of specialized processors
• Etc.

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There are hundreds of smaller components within a
computer, but only a few major ones

• Monitor
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Cables
• Computer tower
• Processor (CPU)
• Fan
• Disk drive and/or floppy drive
• Hard drive
• RAM
• Motherboard

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Computers can be relatively easy to Assemble

• Plug computer tower and monitor to wall
• Connect monitor, keyboard and mouse to computer
  tower
• Look for pictures on back of the tower to help
  guide you to the correct connection location
• Verify that outlet is on and functional
• Take note of
• USB ports
• Headphone connection
• Network ports

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REVIEW What are the six major components of a
computer?

• Input devices
• Processor
• Memory (random access memory, RAM)
• Output devices
• Storage devices
• Communication devices

Can you give an example of these hardware
components?
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A computer is only a high powered processing
box without peripherals

• Peripherals is a generic name given to all
• Input devices
• Output devices
• Secondary storage devices
• Are separate from, but can be electronically
  connected to and controlled by, a CPU

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Input technologies now provide a more natural
user interface

• Keyboards are the most widely used devices for
  entering text and data
• The electronic mouse is the most popular pointing
  device used to move the cursor on the screen
• The computer interface displayed on the computer
  screen is also known as the Graphical User
  Interface (GUI)

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There are several additional, but less popular,
pointing devices used today

• Trackball - A roller ball with only its top
  exposed outside used to move the cursor
• Pointing stick A small button-like device which
  moves the cursor in the direction on the pressure
  you place on the stick (Likened to an eraser
  head)
• Touchpad A small rectangular touch-sensitive
  surface
• Touch screen Allows you to use a computer by
  touching the surface of its video display screen

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Pen-based computing is an input technology often
used with PDAs

• Pen-based computing Your handwriting or drawing
  in digitalized
• Uses a digitizer pen as a pointing device to draw
  or write on a pressure-sensitive surface of the
  graphic tablet
• Speech recognition systems Digitalize, analyze
  and classify your speech and passes recognized
  words into your application software
• Often requires training your computer

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The banking industry utilizes many different
input technologies

• Optical scanning Read text or graphics and
  convert them to digital input
• Other input technologies
• Magnetic stripes
• Smart cards
• Digital cameras
• Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)

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It is increasingly more common to utilize
multimedia forms of output

• Video output
• Video monitors Use a cathode ray tube similar
  to that in used in a TV
• Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) Used for
  portable microcomputers such as laptops and PDAs
• Printed output
• Inkjet printers Spray ink onto a page
• Laser printers Electronic process similar to
  photocopying
• Audio output

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Data / information can be stored until needed
using various storage devices
Primary Storage (Main Memory)
Semiconductor Memory
Access Speed Increases Cost per Byte
Increases Storage Capacity Decreases
Secondary Storage
Magnetic Disks
Optical Disks
Magnetic Tape
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Data are processed and stored in a computer
through binary representation

• Data are processed and stored in a computer
  system through the presence or absence of
  electronic or magnetic signals
• This is called two-state or binary representation
• The smallest element of data is called a bit
• A byte is a basic grouping of bits that the
  computer operates as a single unit

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The primary storage of your computer consists of
microelectronic semiconductor memory chips

• Semiconductor memory Provides you with working
  storage your computer needs to process
  applications
• RAM Random access memory Each memory position
  and both be read (sensed) ROM Read only memory
  Used for permanent storage as ROM cannot be
  erased or overwritten
• and written (changed)

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Magnetic and optical disks are popular storage
methods because of their portability

• Magnetic disks
• Floppy disks Capacities range from 1.5MB
  750MB
• Hard disk drives Enclosed in a sealed module
  which allows for higher speeds and greater data
  recording densities
• Capacities of several terabytes
• Magnetic tape
• Provide low-cost storage to supplement magnetic
  disks

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Optical disks are a fast growing storage media

• CD-ROM Low cost way to read data files and load
  software from CDs
• CD-RW (rewritable) Allows you to create custom
  data CDs
• CD-RW/DVD Can read DVD-ROM and CD-ROM disks and
  can create custom CDs
• DVD-ROM Allows you to view DVD video and sound
• A DVD-ROM drive can also read CD-ROM disks
• DVDRW/R with CD-RW All in one package
• Can burn DVD-RW or DVD-R disks, burn CDs, and
  read DVDs and CDs

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There are two major types of computer software

• Application software Performs information
  processing tasks for end user
• Application specific programs
• General purpose application programs
• System software Manages and supports operations
  of computer systems and networks
• System management programs
• System development programs

The types of software you will encounter depend
on the types of computer you use and the tasks
you want to accomplish
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The system and application software interface
between the end users and computer hardware
End User
Application Software
System Software
Computer Hardware
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Thousands of application specific software
packages are available

• Application specific software packages are
  available to support specific applications of end
  users in business and other fields
• E.g. data warehousing, accounting, marketing,
  manufacturing, human resource management, etc.

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The most widely used general purpose productivity
packages come bundled as software suites

• Software suites (e.g. Microsoft Office, Lotus
  SmartSuite, AppleWorks)
• Word processing (e.g. MS Word)
• Electronic spreadsheets (e.g. MS Excel)
• Presentation graphics (e.g. MS PowerPoint)
• Advantage cheaper than purchasing individual
  applications, similar GUIs, designed to work
  together
• Disadvantages Large space required, may not need
  all features
• Software alternatives (custom software) are also
  growing in popularity

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The most important software component for many
computers today is the web browser

• Web browser are the key software interface you
  use to point and click through the world wide web
  and the rest of the internet, intranet and
  extranet
• E.g. Internet Explorer, Netscape, Firefox, Google
  Chrome, etc.
• Universal software platform on which end users
  launch information searches, check e-mail,
  transfer files, chat, etc.

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Electronic mail and instant messaging are the
first thing many people do at work

• Electronic mail (e-mail) and instant messaging
  (IM) have changed the way people work and
  communicate
• Millions of users depend on various e-mail and IM
  software via the internet, intranet or extranet
• Many of these software applications are free and
  can be downloaded or accessed via the WWW

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We can group system software into two major
categories

• System management programs manage the hardware,
  software, network, and data resources of computer
  systems during the execution or information
  processing jobs
• System development programs help the users
  develop information system programs and
  procedures and prepare user programs for computer
  processing

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The most important system software package is the
operating system (OS)

• The OS is an integrated system of programs that
  manages the operations of the CPU, controls the
  input/output and storage resources and activities
  of the computer system and provides various
  support services as the computer executes the
  application programs of users
• The most indispensible component of the software
  interface between users and the hardware

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The OS controls many vital computer software
functions

• Operating system controls the following
• User interface Allows you to communicate with
  the OS (command-driven, menu-driven, GUI)
• Resource management Manage the hardware and
  networking resources
• File management Control the creation, deletion,
  location and access of files of data and programs
• Task management Manage the accomplishment of
  the computing tasks

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There are a variety of operating systems
available today

• Microsoft Windows
• Windows NT, 2000, XP, 2007 etc. are different
  versions of the Windows OS
• Mac OS
• Operating system offered by Apple. Has advanced
  GUI and multitasking and multimedia capabilities
• Linux
• Is UNIX-like but was developed as free or
  open-share software
• UNIX
• Multitasking, multiuser, network-managing
  operating system

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There are many other types of important system
management software besides operating systems

• Network management Monitors network to keep them
  up and running
• Application server Shuttles data between
  business apps and the web
• Database manager Provides digital storehouse for
  data
• Collaboration tools Powers everything from
  e-mail to electronic calendars
• Development tools Allows programmers to craft
  software code quickly

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To understand computer software you should have a
basic understanding of programming languages
(sys. dev.)

• A programming language allows a programmer to
  develop a set of instructions that constitute a
  computer program
• Programming requires the use of a variety of
  programming packages
• Higher level languages require a compiler or
  interpreter to translate the program back into
  machine language
• Web languages and services
• HTML, XML and Java are three programming
  languages that are important tools for building
  web pages, websites and web-based applications

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There is a wide spectrum of telecommunication
based technologies available today

• Telecommunications is the exchange of information
  in any form (voice, data, text, image, audio,
  video) over computer based networks
• Entertainment ? Information Transactions ?
  Communications
• E.g. High-definition TV ? Distance learning
  ?Cellular systems

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The networked enterprise

• When computers are networked, two industries
  computing and communications converge, and the
  result is vastly more than the sum of the parts.
  Suddenly, computing applications become available
  for business-to-business coordination and
  commerce, and for small as well as large
  organizations. The global Internet creates a
  public place without geographic boundaries
  cyberspace where ordinary citizens can
  interact, publish their ideas, and engage in the
  purchase of goods and services. In short, the
  impact of both computing on our society and
  organizational structures is greatly magnified.

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Businesses have become networked enterprises

• Systems which are being used to network business
  processes and employees together and connect them
  to their customer, suppliers and other business
  stakeholders
• Internet
• Web
• Intranets
• Extranets

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The internet has become the largest and most
important network today

• The explosive growth of the internet is a
  revolutionary phenomenon in computing and
  telecommunications
• Thousands of business, educational, and research
  networks now connect millions of computer systems
• The internet does not have a central computer
  system. Instead each message sent has a unique
  address code so any internet server in the
  network can forward it to its destination
• No headquarters - International advisory and
  standards groups of individual and corporate
  members promote use of the internet and the
  development of new communications standards

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The World Wide Web is one of the most popular
internet applications

• The most popular internet applications are
  e-mail, instant messaging, browsing sites on the
  WWW, and participating in newsgroups and chat
  rooms
• http//www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/internet/2002/
  web_vs_internet.asp
• You can make online searches for information at
  websites using search engines such as Google and
  Yahoo!

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What business value do companies derive fro their
business applications on the internet?

• Generate new revenue from online sales
• Reduce costs of doing business
• Develop new web-based products
• Increase customer loyalty and retention
• Attract new customers
• Develop new markets and channels

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Many companies feel that investing in the
intranet is as fundamental as supplying an
employee with a phone

• A network inside of an organization that uses
  internet technologies to provide an internet-like
  environment within the enterprise
• Information sharing
• Communication
• Collaboration
• Support of business processes
• Is protected by passwords and encryption and can
  only be accessed by authorized users via the
  internet
• Business value
• Collaboration and communication
• Web publishing
• Business operations and management

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As companies continue to use extranets they are
able to gain many competitive advantages along
the way

• Extranets are network links that use internet
  technologies to interconnect the intranet of a
  business with the intranets of its customers,
  suppliers or other business partners
• Business value
• Speed and ease of access to intranet resources
• Enables a company to offer new kinds of
  interactive web-based services to their customers
• Improved collaboration

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It is important to understand some important
characteristics and basic components of
telecommunications
Network Alternative Examples of Alternatives
Networks Internet, intranet, extranet, wide area, local area, client/server, peer-to-peer
Media Twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optics. Satellites, wireless, LAN
Processors Modems, multiplexers, routers, switches, hubs
Software Network operating systems, web browsers, telecommunications monitors
Channels Analog/digital, switched/nonswitched, bandwidth alternatives
Topology/architecture Star, ring, and bus topologies, OSI and TCP.IP architecture and protocols
Key telecommunications components and alternatives
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The basic components of a telecommunications
network
1

1. Terminal
2. Telecommunications processors
3. Telecommunications channels
4. Computers
5. Telecommunications control software

2
3
4
5
4
Computers
1
2
2
PC, Other Terminals
Processor
Processor
Software
5
3
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Different types of networks serve as the
telecommunications infrastructure for the
internet, intranets, and extranet

• WAN (Wide area networks) Connecting a large
  geographic area such as a city
• LAN (Local area network) Connect within a
  limited physical area such as an office
• VPN (Virtual private network) A secure network
  that uses the internet to connect participating
  organizations

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Diagram
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Different types of networks serve as the
telecommunications infrastructure for the
internet, intranets, and extranet

• Client/server Client computer are interconnected
  by LANs and share application processing with
  network servers, which also manage the networks
• Have become the predominant information
  architecture of enterprise wide computing
• Peer-to-peer networking The file-sharing
  software in the P2P network connects your PC with
  one of the online users in the network

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Telecommunications channels make use of a variety
of telecommunications media

• Twisted-pair wire Ordinary telephone wire,
  consisting of copper wire twisted into pairs is
  the most widely used medium for
  telecommunications
• Coaxial cable Are use in high-service
  metropolitan areas and many office buildings for
  LANs
• Fiber optics Cables consisting of one or more
  hair-this filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a
  protective jacket
• About 100 times greater that coaxial cables and
  1,000 times better than twisted-pair wire

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Wireless telecommunications transport digital
communications without wires between
communication devices

• Rely on radio wave, microwave, infrared, and
  visible light pulses to transport digital
  communications
• Terrestrial microwave
• Communications satellites
• Cellular and pcs systems
• Wireless LANs

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Processors perform a variety of support functions
between computers and other devices

• Modems Convert digital signal from a computer or
  transmission terminal at one end of a
  communications link to analog frequencies that
  can be transmitted over telephone lines
• A modem at the other end converts the transmitted
  data back into digital form
• Most common type of communications processor
• Multiplexers
• Internetwork processors

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Networks are interconnected by special-purpose
communications processors

• Internetwork processors
• Routers Interconnects networks based on
  different rules so a message can be routed to its
  destination
• Switches Communications processor that makes a
  connections between telecommunication circuits
  and networks
• Hubs Port (connection for shared access to
  networks resources) switching communications
  processor
• Gateways Connect networks that use different
  communications architecture

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Network management software monitors and manages
network performance

• Major network management functions
• Traffic management
• Security
• Network monitoring
• Capacity planning