Plant Collections Due next Friday, November 21st

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Plant Collections Due next Friday, November 21st
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Plant FamiliesThings which are alike, in nature,
grow to look alike. Nobody

• Moraceae
• Utricaceae
• Fabaceae
• Fagaceae

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Moraceae

• Moraceae is a family of flowering plants commonly
  known as the mulberry or fig family. It comprises
  53 genera and 1500 species of plants widespread
  in tropical and subtropical regions, less common
  in temperate climates. Included are well-known
  plants such as the fig, banyan, breadfruit,
  mulberry, and Osage-orange.

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Moraceae

• The Moraceae are monoecious or dioecious trees
  shrubs, lianas, or rarely herbs, nearly all with
  milky sap.
• The leaves are simple and alternate or rarely
  opposite. The stipules are small and lateral or
  sometimes they form a cap over the bud and leave
  a cylindrical scar.

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Moraceae

• The flowers are unisexual and minute, and are
  usually densely aggregated. These aggregations
  frequently take the form of pendulous aments or
  catkins.
• Usually, the perianth consists of 4 or 5
  undifferentiated tepals, but sometimes fewer or
  no perianth segments are present.

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Moraceae

• A typical male flower has four stamens, one
  opposite each perianth segment.
• The female flowers have a bicarpellate pistil,
  generally with two styles, although one may be
  suppressed.
• The ovary is superior or inferior and contains a
  single pendulous ovule in a solitary locule.
• Fruit types include drupes and achenes that are
  often coalesced or otherwise aggregated into a
  multiple accessory fruit.

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Moraceae in Montana?

• There are no representatives of this family which
  are native to the state. Two genera of this
  family that have been observed growing here (but
  planted as ornamentals) are mulberry(Morus spp.)
  and Osage-orange (Maclura pomifera).
  Osage-orange is marginally hardy in protected
  micro-climates in Montana.

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Morus albaFamily Moraceae

• The ripe fruit is edible and can be used in pies,
  tarts, wines and cordials.
• Unripe fruit and green parts of the plant have a
  white sap that is intoxicating and mildly
  hallucinogenic.

Common or white mulberry Grows in Montana but
native to China.
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Morus spp.Family Moraceae

• Leaves on mulberries are simple, undivided or
  lobed, dimorphic, serrate or denate, ovate to
  broad ovate. They are usually dark green and
  shiny on adaxial surface.

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Morus spp.Family Moraceae

• The leaves of a few species of the Morus genus
  are used as food for silkworms. Morus alba is
  one such species.
• Many birds and animals eat the fruit of our
  native North American mulberry (Morus rubra)

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Cardinalis cardinalis in a mulberry tree in winter
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Maclura pomiferaFamily Moraceae

• Osage-orange, aka as Hedge-apple, and bois darc
  is native to Arkansas to Oklahoma and Texas but
  grown far out of its native range. The wood is
  very rot resistant so makes good fence posts. It
  is also strong and resilient, so is used to make
  bows.

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Maclura pomiferaFamily Moraceae

• The fruit of Osage-orange is a large 4 to 6
  wide globose syncarp of drupes covered with a
  yellow-green rind.
• The fruits are heavy and drop like bombs from
  trees to dent car roofs.
• Believe me!!!

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Ficus carica L.Family Moraceae

• Common fig has been grown since earliest times
  for its fruit.

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Ficus carica L.

• The fig is commonly thought of as fruit, but it
  is properly the flower of the fig tree. It is in
  fact a false fruit or multiple fruit, in which
  the flowers and seeds grow together to form a
  single mass.
• A fig is an involuted, nearly closed receptacle
  with many small flowers arranged on the inner
  surface. Thus the actual flowers of the fig are
  unseen unless the fig is cut open.

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Ficus benjamina L.Family Moraceae

• Common ficus is widely used as a houseplant in
  our climate. It grows into a large tree outside
  in tropical to sub-tropical areas like California
  and Florida.

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Artocarpus altilusFamily Moraceae

• Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a tree and
  fruit native to the Malay Peninsula and western
  Pacific islands. It was collected and distributed
  by Lieutenant William Bligh as one of the
  botanical samples collected by HMS Bounty in the
  late 18th century, on a quest for cheap,
  high-energy food sources for British slaves in
  the West Indies.

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Utricaceae

• The Urticaceae (aka the nettle family) are
  monoecious or dioecious herbs or infrequently
  shrubs or small trees comprising 54 genera and
  1160 species, often with specialized stinging
  hairs.
• The leaves are alternate or opposite, simple, and
  almost always stipulate.

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Urticaceae

• The minute, unisexual flowers are in cymose
  clusters. The perianth is of mostly 4 or 5
  undifferentiated tepals or is sometimes absent.
  The male flowers have a stamen opposite each
  perianth segment. The female flowers have a
  single simple pistil with a superior or inferior
  ovary that contains one basal ovule in its
  solitary locule. The stigma is brushlike and
  elongated or is capitate. The fruit is an achene
  or drupe in a few species these coalesce to form
  a multiple fruit.

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Pilea spp.Family Urticaceae

• Many different species of Pilea are used as
  ornamental plants both indoors (in colder
  climates like ours) and outdoors in warmer
  climates. Pilea represents a large number of
  species in the family Utricaceae.

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Urticaceae in Montana?

• Dorn 1984 lists two genera in this family in
  Montana
• Parietaria (1), Urtica (1)

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Parietaria pennsylvanicaFamily Urticaceae

• Pennsylvania pellitory is native to Montana and
  occurs in moist, shaded areas throughout the
  state. Pennsylvania Pellitory lacks stinging
  hairs and its foliage is harmless. This annual
  plant is about ½1½' tall and usually unbranched,
  and its leaves are ¾" across or less.

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Urtica dioica L.Family Urticaceae

• Stinging nettles are a dioecious herbaceous
  perennial, growing to three feet or more tall in
  the summer and dying down to the ground in
  winter. It is edible when young (lightly
  steamed).

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Urtica dioica L.

• The leaves and stems are very hairy with
  non-stinging hairs and also bear many stinging
  hairs (trichomes) whose tips come off when
  touched, transforming the hair into a needle that
  will inject several chemicals acetylcholine,
  histamine, 5-HT or serotonin, and possibly formic
  acid. This mixture of chemical compounds cause a
  sting or paresthesia from which the species
  derives its common name, as well as the
  colloquial names burn nettle, burn weed, burn
  hazel.

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Urtica dioica L.
Beware of stinging nettles when tromping through
moist areas in Montana.
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Fagaceae

• The Fagaceae (aka beech or oak family) are
  monoecious trees and shrubs comprising 9 genera
  and about 900 species.
• The leaves are alternate and spiral, simple but
  often lobed, entire or serrate, with pinnate
  venation. Stipules present but deciduous.

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Fagaceae

• The male flowers have a 4-7 lobed perianth of
  tepals and 4-40 stamens and are usually grouped
  in pendulous catkins. The female flowers are
  solitary or in small clusters. They have a 4-6
  lobed perianth of tepals, and are often subtended
  by a series of bracteoles comprising an
  involucre. The single compound pistil of 3-6
  carpels has an inferior ovary with 3-6 locules
  and two basal or nearly basal ovules in each
  locule. The fruit is called an acorn. It is a
  1-seeded nut that is basally enveloped by a
  cupule derived from the involucre.

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Fagaceae

• Widespread in tropical to temperate regions of
  the Northern Hemisphere.
• The family is exceptionally important as a source
  of timber for construction of all kinds of
  things.
• Chestnuts are edible, and acorns are also
  occasionally eaten.

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Fagaceae in Montana?

• Dorn 1984 lists only one species of this family
  occuring natively in Montana. This is
• Quercus macrocarpa Michx. , aka known as burr
  oak. It grows on hillsides and canyons in Carter
  and Powder River counties in extreme southeastern
  Montana. It is planted in landscapes throughout
  the state.

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Quercus macrocarpa Michx.Family Fagaceae
Burr oak leaves remind some people of violins.
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Fabaceae

• The Legume or Bean family (Leguminosae) are
  mostly herbs but include also shrubs and trees
  found in both temperate and tropical areas. They
  comprise one of the largest families of flowering
  plants, numbering some 630 genera and 18000
  species.
• It is the third largest family of angiosperms.

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Fabaceae

• The leaves are stipulate, nearly always
  alternate, and range from pinnately or palmately
  compound to simple. The petiole base is commonly
  enlarged into a pulvinus (a cushionlike swelling
  at the base of the stalk of a leaf or leaflet.)

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Fabaceae

• The flowers are slightly to strongly perigynous
  (having sepals, petals, and stamens around the
  edge of a cuplike receptacle containing the
  ovary) , zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical)
  and commonly in racemes, spikes, or heads.

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Fabaceae

• The perianth commonly consists of a calyx and
  corolla of 5 segments each.
• The petals are overlapping (imbricate) in bud
  with the posterior petal (called the banner or
  flag) outermost (i.e., exterior) in position.
• The petals are basically distinct except for
  variable connation of the two lowermost ones
  called the keel petals. The lateral petals are
  often called the wings.

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Fabaceae

• The androecium most commonly consists of 10
  stamens in two groups (i.e., they are diadelphous
  with 9 stamens in one bundle and the 10th stamen
  more or less distinct).
• The pistil is simple, comprising a single style
  and stigma, and a superior ovary with one locule
  containing 2-many marginal ovules.
• The fruit is usually a legume.

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Fabaceae
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Fabaceae
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Fabaceae
Wisteria flower
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Fabaceae
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Fabaceae

• Many species have root nodules containing
  nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
• Important food plants second only to Poaceae in
  economic importance.

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Fabaceae in Montana?

• Dorn 1984 includes
• Amorpha, Astragalus (many), Caragana, Coronilla,
  Dalea, Glychyrrhiza, Hedysarum, Lathyrus, Lotus,
  Lupinus, Medicago, Melilotus, Onobrychis,
  Oxytropis, Psoralea, Robinia, Sphaerophysa,
  Thermopsis, Trifolium, Vicia.

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Amorpha canescens PurshFamily Fabaceae
False indigo or leadplant
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Astragalus purshii Dougl.Family Fabaceae
Wooly-pod milk vetch
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Astragalus miser Dougl.Family Fabaceae
Timber milk vetch
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Astragalus agrestis Dougl.Family Fabaceae
Purple milk vetch.
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Dalea purpurea Vent.Family Fabaceae
Purple prairie clover
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Glycyrrhiza lepidota PurshFamily Fabaceae
American licorice
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Lupinus argenteus Family Fabaceae
Silvery lupine
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Oxytropis lambertii PurshFamily Fabaceae
Purple locoweed
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Oxytropis lambertii

• This species can cause locoism, a chronic disease
  that results after long-term grazing. The plant
  contains swainsonine, an alkaloid, which results
  in cellular dysfunction through a long biological
  process. Affected animals show nervous system
  impairment, with symptoms such as dullness and
  excitement, as well as immune system impairment.
  Abortion and congenital birth deformities may
  occur. Animals affected include cattle, horses,
  and sheep. Animals may become habituated to
  locoweed. Death can result (James 1983, Cheeke
  and Schull 1985).

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Locoism?
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Oxytropis besseyiFamily Fabaceae
Besseys Locoweed
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Oxytropis besseyiFamily Fabaceae
Besseys Locoweed
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Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt.Family Fabaceae
Ground-plum milk vetch
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Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt.Family Fabaceae
Native cultures in Montana used the fleshy,
plum-like pods of ground-plum milk-vetch for
foodraw, boiled, or pickled.
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Psoralea esculenta PurshFamily Fabaceae
Indian turnip or breadroot
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Psoralea esculenta PurshFamily Fabaceae

• Edible Parts Root.
• Root - raw or cooked. It can also be dried for
  later use. The dried root can be ground into a
  powder and used with cereals in making cakes,
  porridges and etc. Starchy and glutinous, the raw
  root is said to have a sweetish turnip-like
  taste. The plant is best harvested as the tops
  die down at the end of the growing season. This
  food is a staple and also considered to be a
  luxury item by many native North American Indian
  tribes.
• From Plants for a Future website

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Psoralea esculenta PurshFamily Fabaceae
Fleshy root of Indian Turnip or breadroot
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I.Smell..Beans..
William Blake
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Why do beans cause gas?

• Beans (legumes) cause gas because they contain a
  sugar, oligosaccharide, that the human body can
  not break down. Oligosaccharides are large
  molecules and are not broken down and absorbed by
  the lining of the small intestine as other sugars
  are. This is because the human body does not
  produce the enzyme that breaks down
  oligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides make it all
  the way through the GI tract to the large
  intestine still intact. The bacteria that live in
  the small intestine break down the
  oligosaccharides.
• This produces the gas that must eventually come
  to pass!