Hearts and Minds

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Hearts and Minds

• Political Culture, Ideology, and Good Government

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I. Social Capital Putnams Theory of Civic
Culture
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I. Social Capital Putnams Theory of Civic
Culture

• Defining Social Capital
• Coleman (1988) Social capital is defined by its
  function. It is not a single entity but a variety
  of different entities, with two elements in
  common they all consist of some aspect of social
  structures, and they facilitate certain actions
  of actors-whether persons or corporate
  actors-within the structure. Like other forms of
  capital, social capital is productive, making
  possible the achievement of certain ends that in
  its absence would not be possible.
• Putnam (2000) social capital refers to
  connections among individuals social networks
  and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness
  that come from them.

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3. How might social capital change society?
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B. Origins of Social Capital

• Putnams experiment
• Italy 15 identical regional governments
  situated in different economic and cultural
  contexts. Did they perform differently? If so,
  why?

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a. Political-Economic Performance in Italy

• Performance has been quite varied. Government in
  the North good government in the South not
  so good.
• Institutions are the same but performance varies.
  WHY?

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b. Competing hypotheses regarding the difference
between North and South

• Hypothesis 1 Economic development. The North is
  rich, the South is poor.
• Hypothesis 2 Culture. Civic culture is high in
  the North, low in the South.

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c. Explanations for the difference between the
North and the South?

• Putnam Hypothesis 2 (Culture) better explains
  Italian history
• Why? Because the cultural differences observed
  in Northern Italy emerged first, before the
  economic differences, and long before the
  political ones.

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2. The historical sources of civic culture in
Italy

• Medieval Italy a time of great violence and
  anarchy. Insecurity was a constant fact of life.
• In the South the solution was to strengthen the
  power of the king, who could then secure the
  area.
• In the North the solution was self-governance
  and mutual aid and defense.

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The historical origins . . .

• These different solutions had a long-lasting
  impact on the cultural traditions of the areas.
  A rich associational life flourished in the
  North, atrophied in the South.
• Furthermore, these cultural traditions emerged
  well before economic differences became
  entrenched.
• Thus, culture preceded politics and economics.

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3. What about America?
Theory Slavery and segregation intended to
destroy social capital ? long-term effects (path
dependence, just like Italy)
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C. Putnams Theory of Associational Effects on
Politics and the Economy

• 1. Rich associational life (social capital) ?
  Solves collective action problems.
• Rich associational life means people interact
  repeatedly with one another, which helps them
  identify and punish free-riders.
• Rich associational life also promotes norms of
  reciprocity.

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2. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
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2. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
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2. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
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2. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
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2. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
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2. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
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Cross-National Studies Same Results
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D. Putnams Fear The Decline of American Social
Capital

• Associational life is decreasing people no
  longer form cross-cutting associations

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D. Putnams Fear The Decline of American Social
Capital

• Associational life is decreasing people no
  longer form cross-cutting associations
• Interest in politics has also decreased
• Social trust has decreased

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D. Putnams Fear The Decline of American Social
Capital

• Associational life is decreasing people no
  longer form cross-cutting associations
• Interest in politics has also decreased
• Social trust has decreased
• Generational change ? Continued loss of civic life

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Is the US Evolving Beyond Civic Life?
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E. Putnams Villains1. TV (In Other Societies
War, Policies, Poverty, etc)
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2. Diversity and Immigration

• Thesis of assigned reading
• Note the difference between anomie and conflict
  ? lack of trust is not the same as hostility or
  violence
• Unresolved question Can the problem be fixed,
  i.e. is pluralism possible? Putnams research
  stops here.

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E. Objections and Limitations

1. Cooperation might be good or bad for democracy.
   (Associational groupings contributed to Hitlers
   rise). Liberalism good government is founded on
   distrust!
2. Group politics can be inefficient Mancur Olson
   fears distributional groups in place of
   encompassing groups
3. Measurement issues make social capital
   difficult to incorporate in predictions (can be
   circular)
4. Institutions can produce/reduce trust difficult
   to apply theory to different systems

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Trust Produced by Institutions
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II. Communitarianism Is Individualism Western?

• Confucianism and Asian Values
• General argument Eastern societies see people as
  part of an organic whole (society)

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US Cold Warriors on Asia

• By tradition and preference Asiatic people turn
  to authoritarian government. In contrast with
  us, they lack historical experience of liberty
  and and personal experience of individualismThey
  are particularly susceptible to the seizure of
  political power by force or assassination and to
  the concealed aggression of communism.
• NSC 48, 31 August draft

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II. Communitarianism Is Individualism Western?

• Confucianism and Asian Values
• General argument Eastern societies see people as
  part of an organic whole (society)
• Specific arguments Rejection of self-expression
  and individual profit in favor of social
  stability and teamwork. Economic rights favored
  over political rights positive vs. negative
  freedoms.

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3. Example Lee Kuan Yew

• Authoritarian leader of Singapore

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Lee Kuan Yew on Social Discipline

• I have enumerated in several of my talks what I
  consider to be the three basic essentials for
  successful transformation of any society. First,
  a determined leadership, an effective determined
  leadership two, an administration which is
  efficient and three, social disciplineIf you
  dont get social discipline, everybody does what
  he likes to do, or will not bustle about what he
  is told to do.
• (cited in Barr, 2000, p. 316)

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Lee on social order and democracy

• We would be foolish to try and beguile
  ourselves with unsophisticated phrases of
  democracy and liberty and human rights and
  freedom, while we go down the drain.
• (cited in Barr, 2000, p. 323)

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Lee on development and democracy

• A country must first have economic
  development, then democracy may follow. With a
  few exceptions, democracy has not brought good
  government to new developing countries. Democracy
  has not led to development because the
  governments did not establish stability and
  discipline necessary for development.
• (cited in Barr, 2000, p. 324)

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B. Evidence Economic Values

• Do Eastern societies emphasize teamwork and
  corporate effort over individualism and profit?

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1. Japanese Management less popular in Japan.
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2. Personal Economic Values?

• Dentsu survey (1997-1998) Japan, China, South
  Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Bombay (Asians),
  United Kingdom, France, Germany, Sweden, and the
  United States (New York City).
• Respondents asked to evaluate the relative
  importance of nine attributes
• "financial wealth NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
• "acquiring high-quality goods NO SIGNIFICANT
  DIFFERENCE
• "family relationships Asians value more
• "success in work NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
• "mental relaxation NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
• "leisure activity Westerners value more
• "living for the present NO SIGNIFICANT
  DIFFERENCE
• "striving to achieve personal goals NO
  SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
• "having good relationships with others." NO
  SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE

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C. Evidence Politics

• 1994 Survey of 100 Asians, comparison to larger
  US group
• Asians more likely to list orderly society as
  very important goal for society
• Americans more likely to list protecting personal
  freedom

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Value Salience May Differ (1994 Data)
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C. Evidence Politics

• 1994 Survey of 100 Asians, comparison to larger
  US group
• Asians more likely to list orderly society as
  very important goal for government
• Americans more likely to list protecting personal
  freedom
• But.

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D. Market Capitalism and Culture
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5. Summary Support for Free Market Democracy
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III. The Post-Materialist West?

• Ingleharts argument People in Western
  democracies have expanded their goals beyond
  material satisfaction to matters of value
  (environmentalism, social justice)
• Irony While Asian Values says West is MORE
  obsessed with profit, Post-Materialism says West
  is LESS obsessed with profit!

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Inglehart

• In a major part of the world, the disciplined,
  self-denying and achievement oriented norms of
  industrial society are giving way to the choices
  over lifestyle which characterize post-industrial
  economies.
• This was written in the 70s has the rising tide
  of globalization changed this assertion by
  Inglehart?

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1. The Post-Materialist Challenge
Issue Materialist Post-Materialist
Law and Order Fixed rules respect for government and church Flexible rules political and religious authority challenged
Social Stability Security most important Self-expression most important
Politics Political Parties Single-Issue Groups
Elite Authority Respected Challenged
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2. Measuring Post-Materialism a. Tradition vs.
Secularism and Survival vs. Self-Expression
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b. Regional value differences
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3. Is Culture an independent variable? a.
Nationality trumps religion
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b. Simplest explanation for post-materialism
Income!
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IV. Islam and the West A Clash of Civilizations?

• The fundamental source of conflict in this new
  world will not be primarily ideological or
  primarily economic. The great divisions among
  humankind and the dominating source of conflict
  will be cultural. Nation states will remain the
  most powerful actors in world affairs, but the
  principal conflicts of global politics will occur
  between nations and groups of different
  civilizations. The clash of civilizations will
  dominate global politics. The fault lines
  between civilizations will be the battle lines of
  the future.

Samuel P. Huntington
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A. Assumptions

1. Conflict will be over culture ? not power or
   resources!
2. Key actors civilizations, not states ?
   indicators of culture

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3. The Map of Civilizations
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a. Religion determines some civilizational borders
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b. Identity determines the rest

• West Latin America divide ethnicity?
• Sinic civilization Originally called
  Confucian. What is the basis for this bloc?
• African civilization Essentially what was left
  after drawing other civilizations

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4. Alignments shape civilizational
(in)compatibility
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5. Rejection of Universalism

1. No universal political desires
2. Modernization ? Westernization Contrary to
   Inglehart!

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B. Implication Internal Unity Strength

• Dont be multicultural
• Enemies will try to foment intra-societal
  conflict
• Beware immigration from other civilizations ?

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2. Test Does Immigration Cause Internal Violence?
a. Europe Does High foreign-born cause more
conflict?
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b. US Patterns of Immigrationi. 1966-1970
period of riots unrelated
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ii. Social Strife and Immigration, 1880-1914
relationship
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C. Implication Pushing Democracy and Capitalism
Civilizational Conflict

1. Democracy is Western value system Separation of
   church and state, rule of law, social pluralism,
   representative bodies, individualism

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2. Test Is Democracy Western? (See Norris
reading)

• World Values Survey Questions about democracy,
  human rights, politics, religion, etc.
• Key Dimensions
• Democratic Performance
• Democracies are indecisive and have too much
  squabbling
• Democracies arent good at maintaining order
• Democratic Ideals
• Democracy may have its problems but it is
  better than any other form of government
• I approve of having a democratic political
  system

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3. Results a. Democratic Performance/Ideals
No Difference!
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b. Other surveys reveal

• Important differences do exist within Islamic
  civilization

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D. Implication Culture Produces Violence Islam
HasBloody Innards
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1. Evidence Region Trumps Religion (as in WVS
data)

• a. Middle East region is more likely to
  experience political terror and human rights
  violations BUT region outperforms religion
• Exception Catholic countries experience higher
  levels of repression than non-Catholic neighbors
• b. Oil wealth correlates with both repression and
  civil war around the world
• c. Some majority-Muslim countries are democracies
  (Turkey, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Lebanon) but most
  are poor and poor countries tend to experience
  violence and repression

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2. Demographics of Islam

• What percentage of Arabs are Muslim?
• About 90
• What percentage of Muslims are Arab?
• About 20
• The largest Muslim country is
• Indonesia
• Where do Muslims live?
• Only 33 live in the Middle East
• 25 in South Asia, 20 in Africa

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3. Does Islam Teach Violence?

• a. Violence not a necessary part of faith
• Universal Brotherhood 4913
• No Forced Conversion 2256
• Peaceful Co-existence 608-9
• Jihad multiple meanings
• b. Religion used to justify political actions
• Iranian clergy vs. elected officials
• Osama bin Ladens declaration of jihad

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4. West vs. Islam Gender/Sexuality Division,
Not Religious Leadership!
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Gender West vs. the Rest
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5. Norris Three dimensions of values
Culture Democratic Ideals Religious Authority Gender / Sexuality
WEST High Low Liberal
ISLAM High High Traditional
ORTHODOX Low High Mod Tradit
LATIN AM Medium Varies Moderate
AFRICA Medium High Mod Lib
SINIC Medium Low Traditional
HINDU Medium N/A Moderate
JAPAN Medium Medium Traditional