Fishes

1
Fishes
Moser and Hanson
2
Where exactly are they?

• Fish live in either fresh or salt water (some in
  anemones), depending on their specific group.
  Depending on their family, they eat anything from
  small underwater mollusks to other fish.
• http//www.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat/habitatprotection
  /efh/

3
What is their importance?

• Fish do not only pay an important food source
  for humans and other animals, fish also control
  the development of new and old underwater life
  forms.

4
How are they unique?

• Their body structure, including being a
  vertebrate or not, is specified for their
  lifestyle.
• i.e. small, flat fish typically dwell on the
  ocean floors, and longer fish swim faster because
  of their compressed body form.

5
Passage of Oxygen

• Fish use osmosis oxygen diffuses from water to
  blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to
  water.
• Almost all fish breathe with gills.

6
The Use of Gills

• They exchange gases with water.
• First, the gill slits close, the mouth opens,
  cheeks are pulled sideways, and volume of the
  mouth and the pharynx increases.
• That entire process was just water being sucked
  into the fish.
• The gills slits open, the mouth closes, and the
  volume decreases.
• That process is water being pushed out of the
  slits.

7
Skeletal Structure

• Fish are chordates and they have a
• - notochord (long flexible rod typically
  developed in embryonic stage becomes a
  backbone).
• - hollow dorsal nerve chord (next to
  notochord, main nerve pass way from body to
  brain)
• - Pharyngeal slits (slits in the pharynx
  and become featherlike structure for
  breathing gills)
• skeleton voice thread

8
Fish are Vertebrates

• Organisms that posses a notochord in early
  development
• Replaced by stronger support structure, backbone
  or vertebral column

9
Fish and Reproduction

• There are two different ways to reproduce as a
  fish. These two include
• - external reproduction
• - used by most fish.
• - the male deposits sperm into the water and
  the female deposits the egg into the
  water. - fertilization occurs and the egg is
  hatched.
• - Ovoviviparous reproduction.
• - used by some sharks and bony fish.
• - Eggs are retained in female until hatched,
  and embryos get their food from the yolk
  sac.

10
Nervous System

• Fishes nervous system is set up similar to the
  humans, except it is simpler.
• There are five parts to their nervous system
• - Olfactory Bulbs
• - Cerebrum
• - Optic Lobes
• - Cerebellum
• - Medulla Oblongata

11
(No Transcript)
12
Nervous System cont.

• Olfactory bulbs
• Cerebrum
• Optic lobes
• Cerebellum
• Medulla Oblongata

• -sense of smell.
• -basic behaviors.
• -visual info.
• -body movement.
• -to maintain balance.

13
Sensory Structures

• Chemical receptors are a good example of sensory
  structures these are smelling with lips and
  tasting with barbels whiskers.
• Specialized cells which detect tiny electric
  currents to find hidden prey.
• Some fish with specialized cells use them to
  navigate and communicate.

14
Fish Lateral Line System

• The system is sensitive to changing water
  pressures.
• The sensory unit is called neuromast
• A bundle of sensory cells that hairs are included
  in a jelly-like cap.
• It sends out nerve impulses through out the
  fishs body.
• When pressure waves bend with the body, it
  determines the frequency of nerve impulses.

15
(No Transcript)
16
Circulatory System

• Single-looped system with two chamber heart.
• This includes the atrium and ventricle.
• Heart is near the respiratory organs.
• Blood travels first to gills then rest of body.

17
Excretory System

• Many fish rid of waste by allowing ammonia to
  diffuse through gills.
• Simple kidney filters waste from blood, and also
  pass dilute urine.
• Gills specialized cells can pump salts in/out
  of body fluids.

18
The Swim Bladder

• Is a flexible-walled organ near the dorsal fin of
  dorsal fin.
• Controls the fishes buoyancy in the water.
• Depends of the amount of pressure in the fish.
• i.e. if the fish becomes positively buoyant, it
  floats to the top and the gases escape from the
  swim bladder.

19
Digestive System

• Is complete, with similar organs as humans have
• Stomach
• Small intestines
• Large intestines

20
Classes

• There are three major fish classes. These
  include
• - Agnatha
• - Chondrichthyes
• - Osteichthyes
• http//www.geocities.com/aquarium_fish/fishclasses
  .htm

21
Agnatha Class

• Primitive jawless fish.
• They have lost their bony skeletons.
• They have no scales.
• Examples lampreys and hagfish.

22
Chondrichthyes

• Fish with a jaw.
• Cartilaginous skeletons.
• Includes sharks, rays, and skates.
• Plate-like scales.
• There are 750 living species left.
• Most are carnivores.

23
Osteichthyes

• These are bony fish.
• Skeletons made of strong, lightweight bone.
• There are 30,000 species.
• Biologists divide them into two subclasses
• Ray-finned fishes.
• Fleshy-finned fishes (includes lobe-finned and
  lungfishes).

24
Osteichthyes Ray-finned Fishes

• Includes nearly all of the bony fishes.
• Many perform feats that you wouldnt imagine.
• Includes guppies, groupers, blue fish,
  flounders, anchovies, eels, salmon, and more.

Above is a flying fish
25
Osteichthyes Fleshy-finned Fishes

• Lobe-finned fishes.
• - Today, the only living species is
  the Latimeria (also known as Coelacanth).
• - These fish live in deep sea.
• - These are closest to the common ancestor
  of all four-limbed vertebrates.

26
Latimeria Coelacanth
Replica of most famous Latimeria
Visit http//nature.ca/discover/treasures/anim/tr
3/coe_e.cfm or http//sacoast.uwc.ac.za/education/
resources/fishyfacts/coelacanth.htm
27
Fleshy-finned Fish

• Lungfish
• They have retained their primitive lung.
• Is an air-filled sac connected to the gut.
• Fills its lung by swallowing air and empties by
  belching.

28
The End!
29
Works Cited (pictures)

• National Geographic. 2008. National Geographic
  Society. 31 March 2008. lthttp//animals.national
  geographic.com/staticfiles/N GS/Shared/StaticFiles
  /animals/images/primary/parro t-fish.jpggt.
• College of Sciences. 2008. San Diego State
  University. 2 April 2008. lthttp//www.sci.sdsu.e
  du/classes/bio100/Lectures/Le ct16/Image266.gifgt.
• Kimball, John W. Kimball's Biology Pages.
  Biology Pages. 14 March 2008. 3 April 2008.
  lthttp//users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/Biolog
  yPa ges/F/fish_heart.gifgt.
• University of Aberdeen. 20 March 2008. Kings
  College. 3 April 2008. lthttp//www.abdn.ac.uk/
  nhi708/images/coelacanth.jpggt.

30
Works Cited (pictures)

• Archives. Tomorrow Yesterday! 2008. 2 April
  2008. lthttp//www.tomorrowyesterday.com/archives/
  nemo.j pggt.
• Fish Biology. National Aquarium of New Zealand.
  2008. National Aquarium of New Zealand. 1 April
  2008. lthttp//www.nationalaquarium.co.nz/docs/
• programmes/Fishbiol.pdfgt.
• Fish. Sportsman Choice. 27 Feb 2008. 3 April
  2008. lthttp//www.sportsmanschoice.com/A20Note2
  0 Worth20Reading/encyclopedia/lr000531.gifgt.
• Latimeria Coelacanth. PALAEOS The Trace of
  Life on Earth. 2008. 3 April 2008.
  lthttp//www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/ 140Sar
  copterygii/Images/LatimeriaPhoto.jpggt.
• Latimeria. Practical Fishkeeping. 2008. 4 April
  2008. lthttp//www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/
  images/
• latimeria_chalumnae_cc.jpggt.

31
Works Cited (websites)

• Modern Coelacanth. Our Amazing Treasures. 22
  June 2006. Canadian Museum of Nature. 4 April
  2008. lthttp//nature.ca/discover/treasures/ anim
  /tr3/coe_e.cfmgt.
• The Coelacanth. Coastcare South African
  Coastal Information Centre. 2008. Department of
  Environmental Affairs and Tourism. 4 April 2008.
  lthttp//sacoast.uwc.ac.za/education/resources/fi
  shy facts/coelacanth.htmgt.
• Fish Classes. Hand Made. 3 March 2006. 2 April
  2008. lthttp//www.geocities.com/aquarium_fish/
• fishclasses.htmgt.
• Essential Fish Habitat. Habitat Protection
  Division. NOAA Fisheries. 3 April 2008.
  lthttp//www.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat/
• habitatprotection/efh/gt.

32
Works Cited (websites) cont.

• Fish Lateral Line System. Lateral System. 8
  April 2008. http//www.lookd.com/fish/laterallines
  ystem.html

33
Works Cited (books)

• Filisky, Michael. Peterson First Guides Fishes.
  Boston, Mass Houghton Mifflin Company, 1989.
• Miller, Kenneth and Levine, Joseph. Biology The
  Living Science. Upper Saddle River, NJ
  Prentice-Hall, 1998.

34
Works Cited (videos)

• Videos. Discovery Education Streaming. 2008.
  Discovery Communications, LLC. 2 April
  2008.lthttp//streaming.discovery education.comgt.